Virology Flashcards

Question

Equine herpesvirus-4 (rhinopneumonitis)

Answer 1

Common cause of respiratory disease in young horses (<2 years of age) Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, mild lymphadenopathy PCR Vaccine is available

Answer 2

NON-enveloped - persist in environment Usually inapparent or mild upper respiratory disease, GI disease (diarrhea) typically in foals Adenovirus-1 associated with fatalities in Arabian foals with SCID

Answer 3

Highly prevalent in horse populations Subclinical to mild upper respiratory disease (non-specific) PCR

Answer 4

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

Answer 5

H3N8, H3N2

Answer 6

Commonly transmitted from queen to kitten or via grooming (disease of "friendly" cats)- young cats Infects lymphoid tissue --> infection of bone marrow --> infection of target organs + shedding Abortive infection- virus is cleared Regressive infection (most common)- provirus integrated into genome but no virions produced (no circulating antigen), can become progressive Progressive infection- persistent viremia, illness (secondary infections, anemia, neoplasia, neurologic, immune-mediated, or reproductive disease, stomatitis Point-of-care ELISA antiGEN test for p27, PCR for proviral DNA or viral RNA (confirm with second test)

Answer 7

Prevalence is high in beef and dairy herds Horizontal (blood- iatrogenic, biting flies, breeding) and vertical (milk, placenta) transmission Establishes latency in IgM B-lymphocytes and causes lymphoproliferative disease Disease doesn't appear until 6-8 years of age due to long latency period Several outcomes: no infection, permanent infection but no disease (most common), permanent infection with lymphocytosis, or permanent infection with enzootic lymphoma (only 1-5%) Enzootic lymphoma predilection sites- spinal cord, uterus, right auricle, abomasum, kidney

Answer 8

"Big liver" Vertical (infected in ovo) and horizontal transmission Chickens >4 months of age Causes IgM B cell lymphoma in internal organs Destroying bursa can prevent disease Hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged bursa, osteopetrosis (proliferation of osteoblasts) Nodular tumors in liver, spleen, and *bursa*, and other viscera (no peripheral nerve involvement)

Answer 9

"Range paralysis" Virus is shed in feather follicle dander All outdoor birds likely exposed and all ages susceptible Causes T cell lymphoma in nerves, ovaries/testes, viscera, eyes, muscle, and skin Acute outbreak- swollen abdomen (ascites), emaciation, unilateral or bilateral paralysis of legs and/or wings "Grey eye" due to lymphocytic infiltration Enlarged, discolored sciatic nerves (with loss of cross-striations) No treatment, grave prognosis Vaccination in ovo or day 1 of life (do NOT vaccinate adults)

Answer 10

Several viruses that cause warts in different areas on cattle <2 years of age Papillomas regress spontaneously within 3-12 months Can be surgically removed if causing problems (e.g. breeding) BPV 1 and 2 cause equine sarcoid - lesions on head, lower leg, and prepuce, often reoccur even with wide surgical excision (types: verrucous, fibroblastic, nodular, mixed, malevolent, occult)

Answer 11

Two forms of disease: Warts on muzzle/lips and possibly distal extremities - young horses, self-resolves, does not reoccur Aural plaques - any age, vectored by black flies, do not resolve

Answer 12

Four different viruses that cause warts typically in young dogs (<2 years of age) Contagious among dogs Most commonly oral papillomas (lips, gums, tongue) Usually regress over the course of a few months

Answer 13

Contagious among sheep, goats, and humans (ZOONOTIC) Typically affects younger animals and is more severe in goats than sheep Crusting, proliferative (convex) lesions at mucocutaneous junctions (mouth, genitalia), teats, and interdigital spaces Crusts remain infective for more than a year Typically self-limiting within 3-6 weeks "Malignant" orf is severe/progressive form with a poor prognosis PCR, IHC

Answer 14

ZOONOTIC ("milker's nodules") Lesions vary from small red papules, crusting lesions, and horseshoe-shaped scabs Lesions are painful and occur on teats, inner thighs, and scrotum Increases incidence of mastitis Usually spontaneously regress within 6 weeks, but reinfection often occurs because immunity is short-lived Virus isolation

Answer 15

ZOONOTIC Usually affects cattle <2 years of age Clinical signs are mild if they occur Papular and erosive lesions of lips, muzzle, oral mucosa, and teats Spontaneously resolves Immunity is short-lived so reinfection can occur PCR

Answer 16

Transmitted primarily via lice Papules (non-pruritic) initially develop along ventrum and inguinal areas, can affect any area of skin Minimal clinical significance alone but does predispose to secondary infection Heal within 3-4 weeks

Answer 17

Causes disease in chickens, turkeys, and most other birds (besides waterfowl) Infection spreads via mechanical transmission (i.e. mosquitoes, flies) onto injured skin Cutaneous (dry) form- nodules on comb, wattle, eyelids, and other un-feathered areas Membranous (wet) form- fibrinous yellow plaques or nodules on mucous membranes of mouth, esophagus, and trachea (can occlude trachea) Vaccination available

Answer 18

Cows most commonly affected on their first lactation Plaques or ulcers of various sizes on teats Outbreaks associated with cold weather Virus isolation

Answer 19

Affects many species of birds, including chickens and turkeys Clinical signs vary but young/stressed birds have most severe signs Lentogenic- mild upper respiratory signs, drop in egg production Mesogenic (enzootic)- mild respiratory signs, drop in egg production and quality (soft-shelled eggs), +/- neurologic signs; hemorrhage in proventriculus Velogenic (exotic)- neurologic signs (wing droop, leg dragging, torticollis), prostration, gasping, cyanotic comb/wattle, edema of the head, deformed eggs; hemorrhage in crescent-shaped patch on lower palpebral conjunctiva (pathognomonic), egg-yolk peritonitis; mortality >90% Vaccination available REPORTABLE

Answer 20

Highly, highly contagious, prolonged shedding by carriers (NOT swine), NON-enveloped High morbidity and rapid spread, but low mortality Affects cloven-hoofed animals (sheep, swine, cattle) Sheep show few clinical signs (maintenance hosts) Swine get vesicles on snout and feet, may lose hooves, shed large amounts of virus (amplifier hosts) Cattle get vesicles on buccal mucosa, dental bad, tongue, interdigital space, coronary band, and teats (indicator hosts, most severe clinical signs) Young calves and piglets can get myocarditis ("tiger-stripe" lesions) Depopulation FAD!!

Answer 21

Enzootic in USA Insect vector is most common mode of transmission Signs in cattle and swine are indistinguishable from FMD Affects HORSES- fever, drooling, vesicles on tongue, lips, and coronary band Can cause flu-like illness and oral vesicles in humans

Answer 22

Calicivirus that causes vesicles and ulcers on mouth, snout, and feet Signs typically not as severe as FMD Can be transmitted by sea lions (San Miguel viruses) RT-PCR FAD!!

Answer 23

Mild disease characterized by lesions on the feet Snout and mouth lesions are less common that with FMD and VS RT-PCR

Answer 24

Responsible for sporadic cases of vesicular disease in the USA Disease characterized by vesicles on snout and feet, typically self-limiting Increased mortality in piglets <7 days of age RT-PCR

Answer 25

Causes little to no disease in natural host (sheep) but causes severe disease in accidental host (cattle) Latency established in lymphocytes Peracute - sudden death or short course of diarrhea/dysentery and weakness Acute - fever, bilateral corneal edema ("blue eye"), mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, generalized lymphadenopathy, mucosal erosions/ulcers (hemorrhagic diarrhea) PCR for viral nucleic acid

Answer 26

Disease of sheep and goats with high morbidity and mortality (goats > sheep), especially in lambs and kids Targets respiratory and gastrointestinal systems - pneumonia (dyspnea, coughing, nasal discharge) and mucosal erosions/ulcers with diarrhea RT-PCR, AGID, ELISA FAD!!

Answer 27

Clinical disease resembles mucosal disease (BVDV) and MCF Fever, diarrhea, mucosal ulcerations, immune suppression, etc. VERY high morbidity and mortality Eradicated globally

Answer 28

Wild pig is the reservoir Infects and kills endothelial cells and lymphocytes Acute form- hemorrhage (petechia)/infarcts/thrombi (DIC), lymphopenia, conjunctivitis, diffuse erythema, v/d, neurologic signs, HIGH morbidity and mortality Chronic form- chronic diarrhea, abortion/mummies/stillbirths, cerebellar hypoplasia/"shaker" pigs (in utero infection Can also cause persistent infection if infected in utero (shed virus in urine, no clinical disease) PI pig later develops disease FAD!!

Answer 29

Transmitted by soft tick (Ornithodorus sp.) Characterized by petechia, pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, hemorrhagic lymph nodes *Splenomegaly with no infarcts*

Answer 30

NON-enveloped - persists in environment Transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes, and Culicoides sp. Destroys endothelial cells especially in the lungs and heart Pulmonary form- pulmonary edema, frothy nasal discharge, dyspnea, death Cardiac form- edema of supraorbital fossa and conjunctiva, subcutaneous edema of the head (*no edema in limbs*) pericardial effusion, cardiac hemorrhages Mixed- pulmonary and cardiac Horse sickness fever- mild disease with febrile episodes (donkeys, zebras)

Answer 31

Causes fatal polioencephalitis of warm-blooded animals Excreted from salivary glands up to two weeks prior to onset of clinical signs Dumb (paralytic) form- lower motor neuron paralysis beginning at inoculated limb, dropped jaw Furious form- aggression, hyperesthesia Both forms- behavioral changes, ataxia/paralysis/seizures, voice change, ptyalism, dysphagia Death occurs within 10 days Direct fluorescent antibody test on brain tissue CORE vaccination

Answer 32

Pet with current vaccination is bit - booster vaccine and observe for 45 days Pet overdue for vaccination is bit - booster vaccine and observe for 45 days (serologic testing for antibody may be an option to determine previous vaccination history) Pet who has never been vaccinated is bit - euthanize or immediate vaccination and strict quarantine for 4 months (dog/cat) or 6 months (ferret) Healthy pet bites person - 10-day observation period, do NOT vaccinate until end of observation period Strays/unwanted pets bite person - euthanize and test

Answer 33

Viruses spread by mosquitoes that cause diffuse cerebral disease Altered mentation, head pressing, ataxia, circling, seizures, coma, and death Hemorrhages in brain ELISA, PCR, CSF (mononuclear pleocytosis + protein) CORE vaccines (except for Venezuelan)

Answer 34

Transmitted from birds to horses via mosquitoes Incidence increases in late summer/early fall Most horses are asymptomatic Neurologic signs develop in some horses - ataxia/paresis/paralysis, muzzle fasciculations, cranial nerve abnormalities ELISA, PCR, CSF (mononuclear pleocytosis + protein) CORE vaccine

Answer 35

Retrovirus Commonly transmitted via fighting (disease of "mean" cats) - old tom cats Acute phase- antibody response suppresses virus, fever, lymphadenopathy (unlikely to be noticed) Long asymptomatic phase with gradual immunosuppression (lymphopenia, hyperglobulinemia) Clinical phase- secondary infections, neoplasia, bone marrow suppression, stomatitis, neurologic disease CD8 > CD4 (inverted ratio) Point-of-care ELISA antiBODY test (~60 days post-infection), confirm positive results (repeat ELISA, Western blot, PCR

Answer 36

"Swamp fever" Transmitted by blood-feeding flies (Tabanids) Donkeys are resistant to disease but still transmit the virus Retrovirus that permanently infects macrophages Acute- cyclical fever, anemia/thrombocytopenia, dependent edema, petechia, epistaxis, icterus Chronic- recurrent bouts of milder disease (signs similar to acute phase with cachexia), "swamper" Inapparent carrier- survives chronic phase (reservoir) Serology- antibodies to p26 antigen ELISA (initial screening) AGID- "Coggin's test" PCR (status of foals born to positive mares) Euthanasia, no vaccine

Answer 37

Non-oncogenic lentivirus infection of monocytes and macrophages Infection is lifelong Incidence of infection is much higher than incidence of clinical disease Transmitted in colostrum/milk or direct contact Adult goats- arthritis, especially of the carpal joint ("big knee"), interstitial pneumonia, or indurative mastitis ("hard bag", no milk) Kids (2-4 months of age)- leukoencephalomalacia (bilateral posterior paresis and ataxia, recumbency, mentation is normal) that is usually fatal AGID on serum, PCR or histopathology on tissues Test and cull Heat-treated colostrum

Answer 38

Similar to Maedi/Visna Transmitted primarily by colostrum/milk Slowly progressive lymphoproliferative disease with 100% fatality Manifests as chronic progressive pneumonia, indurative mastitis, and ill-thrift Emaciation ("thin ewe syndrome"), dyspnea, "hard bag", neurologic signs (hindlimb paralysis, normal mentation) AGID, serology, PCR Test and cull Bovine colostrum or milk replacer

Answer 39

Spreads rapidly though herd Dark bloody diarrhea Self-resolves within 3 days No associated mortality

Answer 40

Chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system Long incubation period Transmitted by feeding scrapie-infected meat or bone meal Behavioral changes- agitation, anxiety, apprehension; neurologic signs- abnormal posture, incoordination, frenzied movements, exaggerated gait Prions concentrate in eyes, brain, and spinal cord (NOT in meat or milk) Affects many species including humans (Creutzfeld-Jacob disease) REPORTABLE ELISA on brain tissue (screening), Western blot (confirmatory)

Answer 41

Neurologic disease of sheep and goats Long incubation period Pathogenesis not clear - ingestion vs wound inoculation Ataxia, pruritis, wasting Neuronal degeneration, astrocyte hypertrophy/proliferation IHC is gold standard confirmatory test

Answer 42

Asymptomatic or mild, self-limiting diarrhea Highly contagious Tropism for large intestinal enterocytes Feline enteric coronavirus can mutate and cause FIP

Answer 43

Common cause of diarrhea in all young animals Causes villous damage (thin-walled intestines) leading to malabsorptive diarrhea Swine (7-10 days of age)- profuse diarrhea that can lead to significant mortality, vaccination Bovine (1-2 weeks of age)- most common cause of neonatal diarrhea, vaccination

Answer 44

Systemic, often fatal disease of puppies (usually <4 weeks of age) Signs in puppies include dyspnea, thick nasal discharge, soft and odorless stools, seizures, and sudden death Signs in adult dogs include mild upper respiratory illness (with or without ocular signs) and miscarriage Paired serum from dead puppies or PCR

Answer 45

Emerging virus that causes small intestinal inflammation and necrosis May cause diarrhea or encephalopathy (hyperammonemia) Fecal PCR

Answer 46

Venereal, respiratory, and transplacental transmission Most commonly affects very young or very old horses Stallions are reservoirs Most infections are subclinical Clinical signs include abortion, cough/nasal discharge, subcutaneous edema (supraorbital, conjunctival, scrotum/prepuce, distal limbs) PCR, virus isolation, antibody titer Vaccine available but not commonly used

Answer 47

Causes abortions, fetal malformations, infertility, and congenital defects in sheep and goats Transmitted by mosquitoes Common fetal defects include arthrogryposis, hydrocephalus, and scoliosis (day 32-37) Abortion if infected prior to day 32 Less likely to affect fetus if infected after day 37 Fetal antibody detection

Answer 48

Stabile in the environment Ubiquitous in swine herds Most infections are asymptomatic Can cause Teschen disease (severe) or Talfan disease (mild-moderate) - polioencephalomyelitis (ataxia, posterior paresis, convulsions, opisthotonos, death) Can cause stillbirth, mummification, infertility, and early embryonic death (similar to parvovirus)

Answer 49

"Epidemic tremors" Vertical and horizontal transmission Usually affect chicks <4 weeks of age Disease characterized by neurologic signs like ataxia/paresis/paralysis ("hock-sitting"), tremors, and recumbency Turkeys experience milder disease that chickens Vaccination prior to laying

Answer 50

Highly contagious GI disease most commonly occurs in first few weeks of life Acute gastrointestinal disease characterized by diarrhea and weight loss Breeder hens experience drop in egg production and quality (white, chalky shells) Necropsy- pale, thin-walled small intestine, ceca distended with gas a fluid

Answer 51

Affects turkeys >4 weeks of age Hemorrhagic droppings, immunosuppression (secondary infections) Morbidity ~100% Necropsy- intestinal hemorrhage, splenomegaly PCR Vaccination widely used

Answer 52

Affects only chickens Acute upper respiratory disease that can progress to airsacculitis, pneumonia, and dyspnea Renal effects - diarrhea, heat-seeking, anorexia Reproductive effects - decreased egg production with soft, wrinkly shells and watery albumin, egg yolk peritonitis Necropsy- hyperemic tracheal mucosa with exudate, cystic oviducts, swollen kidneys with urolithiasis Virus isolation Vaccination available

Answer 53

Affects chickens of any age (does not affect turkeys) Bloody mucoid to caseous exudate in proximal trachea Coughing, open-mouthed breathing ("gasping"), extended neck Fibrinonecrotic exudate can occlude trachea and lead to death Intranuclear inclusion bodies in tracheal epithelium on histopathology Vaccination

Answer 54

"Fowl plague" Affects all poultry, especially turkeys Carried asymptomatically by waterfowl and other wild birds Low pathogenic strain- mild respiratory signs, decreased egg production Highly pathogenic strain- sudden death with no premonitory signs, respiratory/neurologic/GI signs, edema of face and feet, hemorrhage of legs and feet

Answer 55

Highly contagious, very common Can shed asymptomatically Florida lineage Severity of clinical signs varies Fever, dry cough, nasal discharge, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes PCR Quarantine for ~2 weeks Intranasal vaccine available (MLV) as well as inactivated vaccines

Virology Flashcards

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