virology

Question 1

are viruses cellular?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

Do viruses leave fossil records?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

how long have viruses been around?

Answer 3

as long as the cells the infect

Question 4

who attempted Kosch postulates on tobacco leaf infections and tried to grow it on media-filtrate infection

Answer 4

Ivanovsky

Question 5

all viruses must be:

Answer 5

1.small in size
2.obligate intracellular parasites
3.capsid
4.genome-inside capsid (made of nucleic acid)
-segmentede or non
5.few genes
6.no metabolism
7. some have an envelope (influenza)
8.host range

Question 6

what is a viroid?

Answer 6

a piece of nucleic acid that are able to infect cells (hepatitis infections)

Question 7

what is a prion?

Answer 7

proteins that are infectious (protenatious infectious agent) EX: chronic wasting disease, mad cow disease

Question 8

what is a capsid?

Answer 8

a protein shell typically made up of 1-2 types of proteins in 100,000’s of copies that form a shell

Question 9

what is a capsid shape referred to as?

Answer 9

capsomere

Question 10

what are the types of capsid categories?

Answer 10

-polyhedral virus (spherical)
-helical virus (rod shaped)
-complex virus, stalk covered in sheath, tall fiber and bas plate pins (all other viruses)

Question 11

what is a nucleocapsid?

Answer 11

term for the nucleic acid within a capsid

Question 12

what do virus genomes consist of?

Answer 12

DNA or RNA, single or double stranded

Question 13

what are the combinations of virus genomes?

Answer 13

4 combos
-dsDNA -ssDNA -dsRNA -ssRNA

Question 14

what is the calcification of viruses called?

Answer 14

Baltimore Classification

Question 15

what is the class 1 in Baltmore Classification?

Answer 15

dsDNA

Question 16

what is the class 2 in Baltmore Classification?

Answer 16

ssDNA

Question 17

what is the class 3 in Baltmore Classification?

Answer 17

dsRNA

Question 18

what is the class 4 in Baltmore Classification?

Answer 18

(plus sense) +RNA

Question 19

what is the class 5 in Baltmore Classification?

Answer 19

(minus sense) -RNA

Question 20

what is read by a ribosome (translation) to make a polypeptide (proteins) in viruses?

Answer 20

plus sense RNA

Question 21

what is not read directly by a ribosome in viruses and has to use transcription?

Answer 21

minus sense RNA

Question 22

what is the class 6 in Baltmore Classification

Answer 22

Retrovirus (retroviridae) -has reverse transcriptase

Question 23

what means geinus in virus?

Answer 23

virus

Question 24

what means family in virus?

Answer 24

viridae

Question 25

reverse transcriptase does what?

Answer 25

found in class 6, plus sense RNA converted back to minus sense RNA (HIV)

Question 26

what is the class 7 in Baltmore Classification

Answer 26

dsDNA with reverse transcriptase

Question 27

what does segmented genome mean?

Answer 27

genome is broken up

Question 28

what does non-segmented genome mean?

Answer 28

genome is all in 1

Question 29

what is an oncovirus?

Answer 29

a virus that causes a tumor or cancer

Question 30

what is virus envelope made of?

Answer 30

a piece of your membrane

Question 31

what is host range?

Answer 31

species and cell types specifically viruses can infect- broad and narrow

Question 32

what is lytic cycle?

Answer 32

(influenza) each have different specifics of their cycle, 1.attchment 2.penetration 3.synthesis of nucleic acid+protein 4.assembly+packaging-progeny viron created 5.release

Question 33

what is a virion

Answer 33

a viral particle out side of the cell

Question 34

what are the 3 types of entry?

Answer 34

injection endocytosis fusion

Question 35

what are types of exits?

Answer 35

lysis budding syncytium

Question 36

what is lysis exit?

Answer 36

explosion and release of viron

Question 37

what is budding exit?

Answer 37

only cell envelope-release of viron from edge

Question 38

what is syncytium exit?

Answer 38

a multi-nucleaided cell, cells fuse and viron effect neighboring cells

Question 39

what is RSV?

Answer 39

respiratory syncytium virus

Question 40

the influenza virus in what family?

Answer 40

orthomyxoviridea (-RNA) -genus influenzavirus

Question 41

what are species of influenza virus?

Answer 41

A-infects lots of animals, 8 gene segments B-infects fewer animals, 8 gene segments C-infect fewer animals, 7 gene segments D-infect even fewer animals-not humans, 7 gene segments

Question 42

how does the flu infect/ entry?

Answer 42

fusion

Question 43

what are spike proteins in influenza?

Answer 43

-hemagglutinin -neuraminidase: digests mucous, clears binding sites so glutinin doesn't clump inactivation the virus

Question 44

what does claratryptase do?

Answer 44

helps prevent binding/attachment on host cells

Question 45

what is uncoding?

Answer 45

capsid is broken apart to release the genome

Question 46

how does influenza exit?

Answer 46

budding

Question 47

how does influenza mutate?

Answer 47

-genetic drift -genetic shift

Question 48

what was the worst pandemic known?

Answer 48

1918 H1N1 "spanish flu"