Virology Flashcards by Stephanie L

Viral Specimen Collection

Collect during heavy viral shedding

Swabs and tissue in VTM (viral transport media), Dacron or Rayon swabs - no VTM with body fluids

Do NOT use calcium alginate (inhibits viral replication)

Culture ASAP or store at 4 deg, or at 70C if >4 days. Do NOT freeze at -20C, will crystallize and kill the virus

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Adenovirus

Respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, obesity/adipogenesis

Pneumonia in US, gastroenteritis in children

Shed by respiratory and eye secretions in acute infection

Shed in stool and urine during convalescence

dsDNA, non-enveloped, icosahedral

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Hepatitis B

Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma

Clay colored stool, dark urine

Transmission: blood-blood (parenterally), or sexual route due to blood contact

Hepadnaviridae family

Partially dsDNA, enveloped

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HSV (or HHV) I & II

Most common cause of corneal infection and fatal Encephalitis in US

Tzanck smear

Oral herpes/genital herpes

Herpesviridae family

Diagnosed with IF from lesion specimen

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Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Chickenpox & Shingles

Large multinucleated cells on Tzanck smear

Specimen of choice: scrapping off the lesion

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Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV 4)

Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in 15-24 yo

Burkitt lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma - Reed-Sternberg cells (owl eyes)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Multiple sclerosis

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Urine = most common specimen

Congenital infection from mother —> baby

Diagnosis: PCR

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Human papillomavirus

Skin warts

Cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and penile cancer

Cervical swab/scraping

Koilocytes

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Parvovirus B19

5th disease, Erythema infectiosum- slapped cheek (rash spreads to trunk and limbs)

Flu-like symptoms

Self-limiting

Naked ssDNA, smallest DNA virus

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Poxvirus

Variola virus: smallpox

Largest of all viruses

dsDNA

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Dengue virus

Dengue fever (mild)

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (bleeding in organs)

Aedes aegypti

Flavivirus family

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Yellow virus

Vector: Aedes aegypti

Reservoir: Monkeys, or human to human

Flavivirus family

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St. Louis Encephalitis

Vector: Culex mosquito

Circulates in birds

Midwestern and Southern states, summer

Milder in children than adults

Humans are dead end host (cannot infect human to human)

Flavivirus family

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West Nile Virus

Vector: Culex mosquito

From birds - needs avian host to replicate

Leading cause of vector born fever in the US

Found in body fluids and tissues

Mother—> baby, blood transfusion or organ donation

Flavivirus family

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Zika

Vector: Aedes species

Guillain-Barré syndrome (trouble walking due to myelin sheath damage)

Microcephaly and neurological deformities in fetus

Flavivirus family

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Bunyaviridae, Hantavirus

Vector: rodent. From rat poop - more likely to inhale in drier states

Kidneys and lungs

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

Old world Hanta virus (more severe, Europe and Asia)

New world Hanta virus (America) - hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

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Hepatitis A

Self-limiting

Transmission: fecal-oral

Does not cause chronic liver damage

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Hepatitis C

Only Flaviviridae that is not vector borne

High mortality rate

50% disease patients are chronic carriers, 30% of those can develop cirrhosis

High ALT

Transmission: blood contact

(Same symptoms and signs as hep B)

Diagnosed by EIA (high false pos rate so confirm with PCR)

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Influenza

Group A: classified by hemagglutinin and neuroaminidase glycoproteins
- only group with known animal reservoirs (pig, bird)

Antigenic drift (RNA replication errors, results in seasonal flu strain changes) - not a major change

Antigenic shift (major change to surface antigens causing a new H or N antigen) - results in pandemic flu outbreaks like Spanish flu

Group A: undergoes both drift and shift
Group B: drift
Group C: neither one, relatively stable
Group D: only affects cattle

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Influenza complications

Otitis media
Primary viral pneumonia
Secondary pneumonia (S. pneumo, S. aureus, H. influenzae)
Reye’s syndrome: acute encephalopathy, fatty liver
Guillain-Barre Syndrome: demyelination of motor nerves —> paralysis

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Influenza diagnosis testing

ELISA - distinguishes between influenza A and B

PCR testing, Biofire, cepheid

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Parainfluenza

Study These Flashcards

Most important respiratory disease is within 2 first years of life, along with RSV

PCR with nasopharyngeal swab

Symptoms: rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

Morbillivirus

Study These Flashcards

Measles (Rubeola)

Maculopapular rash on head and trunk
Koplik spot lesions on oral mucosa

Highly contagious, through aerosol droplets

Diagnosis: IgM presence of cell culture on PMK cells (primary macaque kidney)

Rubulavirus

Study These Flashcards

Mumps

Bilateral (or unilateral) swelling on parotid glands (Hamster Face)

Transmission: saliva

EIA and IF testing

Rubivirus

Rubella (German measles) Mild febrile disease with erythematous, maculopapular, and discrete rash and lymphadenopathy Similar to measles (can be misdiagnosed) Transmission: airborne droplets Affects pregnant women and fetus: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) - can affect almost everything on baby’s body. More damage the earlier into pregnancy

Poliovirus

1/200 will have lasting CNS effects since CNS has low cell numbers Poliomyelitis - paralysis Diarrhea (GI tract) and flu symptoms From Enterovirus genus

Coxsackie virus

Hand, foot and mouth disease - common in < 5 yo Contagious, spreads at daycares and schools Rarely meningitis and encephalitis Enterovirus

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Causes croup (URT), bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia Severe lower respiratory disease in children Nosocomial spread Transmission: fomites and large particle droplets

Rhabdovirus

Rabies Flu-like with hallucination, hydrophobia, excessive salivation, irritability, anxiety —> coma, death Mostly from dogs Negri bodies Enveloped RNA rod shaped virus

Coronavirus

Common cold Largest RNA virus Coronaviridae Biofire test for various coronavirus Pleomorphic morphology

Specimen processing for Coronavirus

Real time rtPCR antigen test FIA Cepheid Biofire Nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab in VTM, saliva Short term immunity due to antigenic changes in Spike protein

Rotavirus

Naked dsDNA, resembles a wheel (rota-= wheel) Gastroenteritis in children Fecal oral route

Fillviridae

Ebola virus High mortality rate Ebola hemorrhagic fever - fever, chills, myalgia, anorexia, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea From infected humans and primates, possibly from bats but not known Sub-Saharan Africa

Rhinovirus

Common cold Congestion, sneezing, sore throat, cough Self-limiting Transmission: inhalation of aerosols, fomites, contact with secretions Infects nasal epithelial cells

Retroviruses/Retroviridae

ssRNA, enveloped Reverse transcriptase - makes proteins by converting RNA —> DNA —> various RNA like mRNA, tRNA, etc Associated with cancers, immune system disorders, degenerative neurological disorders, leukemias, AIDs

HIV

Acute infection: - Flu-like symptoms - high mutation rate and high reproduction rate prevents complete clearance by immune system Latency period: - virus infects T cells and macrophages/monocytes. Infected cells show no signs of infection so can go unnoticed by immune system - increased T cells and dendritic cells infected = immune system falls apart

HIV screening and confirmation

Screening: EIA - identifies HIV 1 and 2, p24 (+) = colored well, retest in duplicate (-) = no further testing Confirmatory: Western Blot or IF

Western Blot - most important antibodies are against:

gp24, gp120, hp41

Karposi’s Sarcoma

Caused by AIDS Cancer of lymph vessel and blood vessel cells Associated with HHV 8 virus

HTLV I (Human T-lymphotropic virus)

T cell leukemia

HTLV II (Human T-lymphotropic virus)

Hairy cell leukemia

HIV testing

Serology

Which virus has negri bodies?

Rhabdovirus (Rabies)

Which virus has koilocytes?

HPV

Which viruses have common cold as a symptom?

Coronavirus Rhinovirus

Which viruses have Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Zika Influenza

Which virus has a rodent as a vector?

Hantavirus (Bunyaviridae)

Which viruses have hemorrhagic fever?

Hantavirus Filoviridae (Ebola) Dengue virus

Leading cause of vector borne fever in the US

West Nile virus

Only Flaviviridae that is NOT vector borne

Hepatitis C

Largest of the RNA viruses

Coronavirus

Which viruses have flu-like symptoms?

Poliovirus Parvovirus HIV (retrovirus) in acute stage

Infectious mononucleosis viruses

EBV CMV

Papillomaviridae family for:

HPV

Virology Flashcards

(54 cards)