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Biology - Microbiology > Virus - Structure/Function > Flashcards

Virus - Structure/Function Flashcards

1
Q

How much of our genome is viral?

A

8% is endogenous retroviruses due to ancestral infection.

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2
Q

Virus

A

Simple, miniscule, infectious, obligate intracellular parasite comprised of genetic material surrounding by a capsid and/or enveloped derived from host cell.

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3
Q

What is a virus composed of?

A

Nucleic acids and proteins

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4
Q

What is the base mechanism of viruses?

A

Hijack metabolic functions of the cell and produce their own protein viruses.

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5
Q

Why are viruses host obligates?

A

They have to hijack machinery.

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6
Q

iWhat genetic material do viruses contain?

A

ssDNA/RNA or dsDNA/RNA

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7
Q

What is an example of a small viral genome?

A

Influenza virus has 11 genes

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8
Q

What is the average size of viruses?

A

1-1000 micrometres.

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9
Q

What are examples of size scale of viruses?

A

Poliovirus same as ribosome
Rhiovirus 20-30 nm in diametre
Bacteriophage M52 24nm in size
Mimivirus 750nm
Pandoravirus 2.9MB genome

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10
Q

What is the difference between virus and virion?

A

Intracellular and extracellular for replicaiton and transmission respectively.

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11
Q

How are viral structures determined?

A

Cry-electron microscopy
Electron microscopy
X-Ray Crystallography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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12
Q

What is the structre of the viron?

A

Centre nucleic acid surrounded by capsomers forming capsid, together the nucleocapsids

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13
Q

What determines virus shape?

A

Arrangement of capsomers

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14
Q

What are the two types of capsomers?

A

Pentamers-5 protein subunits
Hexamers -6 protein subunits

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15
Q

What are the three categories of capsid shape?

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Binal

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16
Q

Helical Capsid

A

Where capsomers bond in a spiral fashion(Tobacco mosaic virus)

17
Q

Polyhedral Capsid

A

This is a icosahedron carrying 20 faces and 12 corners(Adenovirus)

18
Q

Binal Capsid

A

Irregular shapes or complex structures(monkeypox)

19
Q

What is the function of the capsid?

A

Protects nucleic acids from enzmatic digestion, allows host cell binding thus host penetration.

20
Q

What is an example of viral receptor for penetration?

A

ACE2

21
Q

How does SARS-CoV-2 infect?

A

Spike proteins with ACE2 fuse with host membrane.

22
Q

Spike protein

A

Large glycoprotein with NTD, CTD and receptor-binding domain

23
Q

What happens when spike protein binds?

A

CC expose a fusion peptide interacting with host membrane to initate fusion.

24
Q

What are the two types of virus?

A

Enveloped
Naked

25
Q

Naked Viruses

A

These are absent of a membrane being more envrionmentally stable surviving wider conditions

26
Q

Enveloped Viruses

A

These are viruses that have a lipid membrane surrounding the nucleocapsid derived from the host cell membrane

27
Q

What is an example of an enveloped virion?

A

Cornoavirus

28
Q

How do hosts differ in viral infection?

A

Bacteria- BP T4
Protozoa Trichomonas
Algae by Phycodnaviridae
Fungi by mycoviruses
Plants like TMV
Animals like Avian Influenza
Viruses by Virophages

29
Q

What can Trichomonas infect?

A

Protozoa and cant infect vertebrates but CAN be sensed by them.

30
Q

What can Phycodnaviridae infect?

A

Algae and humans

31
Q

What is the structure of bacteriophages?

A

Icosahedral head composed of 12 pentameric capsomers and 20 hexameric capsomers

32
Q

What is the genetic structure of Bacteriophage?

A

Linear dsDNA about 169KB long within the head connected to the tail by a neck.

33
Q

What is the bacteriophage tail composed of?

A

Baseplate, central tube and a sheat for attachment/penetration

34
Q

Why is the bacteriophage tube important?

A

Delivery portion of the viral genome into bacteria

35
Q

What is the lytic replication cycle of bacteriophages?

A

Adhesion
Penetration
Replicaiton
Maturation
Release
Reinfection

36
Q

What are the alternate bacteriophage life cycles?

A

Temperate and lysogenic phages

37
Q

Temperate Phasge

A

These integrate into host chromosomes, producing repressor genes blocking lytic genes.

38
Q

How have phages been used in biomedicine?

A

Bacteria resistant to antibiotics like listeria destroying listeria

Biology - Microbiology (19 decks)

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