Viruses

Question 1

What is a Virus?

Answer 1

An infectious agent consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat.

Question 2

What is a Capsid?

Answer 2

A protein shell that encloses the viral genome.

Question 3

What is an Envelope?

Answer 3

Modified piece of the host of the host cell membrane.

Question 4

What is a Naked Virus?

Answer 4

A virus consisting only of a nucleocapsid without an envelope.

Question 5

What are Spikes?

Answer 5

Glycoproteins on a virus surface that help it attach to host cells.

Question 6

What is a Virion?

Answer 6

A fully formed virus capable of infecting a host cell.

Question 7

What is a Helical Capsid?

Answer 7

Capsid with a spiral structure surrounding the viral genome.

Question 8

What is an Icosahedral Capsid?

Answer 8

Capsid with a 3D, 20-sided shape with evenly spaced corners.

Question 9

What is a Complex Capsid?

Answer 9

A virus structure that does not fit helical or icosahedral shapes.

Question 10

What is Positive Sense RNA?

Answer 10

Single-stranded RNA ready for immediate translation.

Question 11

What is Negative Sense RNA?

Answer 11

RNA that must be converted into a readable form before translation.

Question 12

What are Polymerases?

Answer 12

Enzymes that synthesize DNA and RNA in viral replication.

Question 13

What is Reverse Transcriptase?

Answer 13

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template (e.g., HIV).

Question 14

What is the General Virus Life Cycle?

Answer 14

Includes adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release.

Question 15

What is Specific Attachment?

Answer 15

Virus enters a host cell via endocytosis.

Question 16

What is Irreversible Attachment?

Answer 16

Viral membrane fuses with the host membrane to release nucleic acid.

Question 17

What are Cytopathic Effects?

Answer 17

Virus-induced cellular damage altering the cell’s shape or function.

Question 18

What is an Inclusion Body?

Answer 18

Compact mass of virus or damaged organelles inside a host cell.

Question 19

What are Syncytia?

Answer 19

Fusion of multiple host cells into one large multinucleated cell.

Question 20

What is a Provirus?

Answer 20

Viral DNA that is incorporated into the host genome.

Question 21

What is a Chronic Latent State?

Answer 21

A virus that remains dormant and reactivates periodically.

Question 22

What is an Oncogenic Virus?

Answer 22

Virus that can cause cancer by altering host cell growth regulation.

Question 23

What is Transformation?

Answer 23

Process where viral genes induce uncontrolled cell growth, increasing cancer risk.

Question 24

What is the Lytic Cycle?

Answer 24

Virus replication that results in host cell destruction.

Question 25

What is the Lysogenic Cycle?

Answer 25

Viral DNA integrates into the host genome, remaining dormant before activation.

Question 26

What is a Temperate Phage?

Answer 26

A bacteriophage that can enter either the lytic or lysogenic cycle.

Question 27

What is Induction?

Answer 27

The process by which a prophage exits dormancy and enters the lytic cycle.

Question 28

What is Lysogenic Conversion?

Answer 28

Bacteria gain new traits due to viral DNA integration.

Question 29

What is In Vivo Cultivation?

Answer 29

Growing viruses in living organisms like animals or embryonic tissues.

Question 30

What is In Vitro Cultivation?

Answer 30

Growing viruses in cell or tissue cultures.

Question 31

What are Plaques?

Answer 31

Visible areas of cell destruction in tissue culture due to viral infection.

Question 32

What are Spongiform Encephalopathies?

Answer 32

Diseases caused by prions, leading to brain degeneration.

Question 33

What are Prions?

Answer 33

Infectious misfolded proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases.

Question 34

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Answer 34

A prion disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to degeneration and death.

Question 35

What is a Satellite Virus?

Answer 35

A virus that requires another virus for replication.

Question 36

What are Viroids?

Answer 36

Naked RNA strands that infect plants, lacking a capsid or envelope.

Question 37

What is Interferon?

Answer 37

A protein made in humans that helps prevent viral infections.

Question 38

What is a virus?

Answer 38

A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

Question 39

True or False: Viruses are considered living organisms.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Fill in the blank: Viruses consist of genetic material surrounded by a _______.

Answer 40

capsid

Question 41

What are the two main types of viral genetic material?

Answer 41

DNA and RNA

Question 42

Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of a virus's capsid?

Answer 42

To protect the viral genetic material

Question 43

What is the process by which a virus infects a host cell?

Answer 43

Viral entry

Question 44

True or False: All viruses can be cultured in a laboratory.

Answer 44

False

Question 45

Fill in the blank: A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______.

Answer 45

bacteriophage

Question 46

What is the term for the complete virus particle?

Answer 46

Virion

Question 47

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a method of viral transmission?

Answer 47

Photosynthesis

Question 48

What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles?

Answer 48

Lytic cycle results in the destruction of the host cell, while lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome.

Question 49

True or False: Viruses can be treated with antibiotics.

Answer 49

False

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The study of viruses is known as _______.

Answer 50

virology

Question 51

What is a viral envelope?

Answer 51

A lipid membrane that surrounds some viruses, derived from the host cell.

Question 52

Multiple Choice: Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

Answer 52

Influenza

Question 53

What is a vaccine's role in viral infections?

Answer 53

To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight off the virus.

Question 54

True or False: All viruses are harmful to humans.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the host organism that a virus infects.

Answer 55

host

Question 56

What is the term for a virus that causes cancer?

Answer 56

Oncovirus

Question 57

Multiple Choice: Which virus is responsible for the common cold?

Answer 57

Rhinovirus

Question 58

What is the significance of viral mutations?

Answer 58

They can lead to new strains that may evade the immune system or change transmissibility.

Question 59

True or False: Viruses can reproduce on their own.

Answer 59

False

Question 60

Fill in the blank: Antiviral drugs are used to treat _______ infections.

Answer 60

viral

Question 61

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Answer 61

To convert viral RNA into DNA.

Question 62

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?

Answer 62

They require a host cell to replicate.

Question 63

What is the term for the immune response triggered by a viral infection?

Answer 63

Adaptive immunity

Question 64

True or False: All viruses have an outer lipid envelope.

Answer 64

False