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Question 1

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Answer 1

The flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.

Question 2

What is Transcription?

Answer 2

The process where RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template.

Question 3

What is Translation?

Answer 3

Ribosomes read mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Question 4

What is mRNA?

Answer 4

Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.

Question 5

What is tRNA?

Answer 5

Brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Question 6

What is rRNA?

Answer 6

Forms part of ribosomes and aids in protein synthesis.

Question 7

How are Viruses classified as Non-Living?

Answer 7

Lack metabolism, independent reproduction, and cellular structure.

Question 8

How are Viruses classified as Living?

Answer 8

Contain genetic material, evolve, and direct host cell machinery to replicate.

Question 9

What is the Bacteriophage Life Cycle?

Answer 9

Involves lytic (host lysis) and lysogenic (integration into host DNA) cycles.

Question 10

What is the Animal Virus Life Cycle?

Answer 10

Viruses enter host via endocytosis or fusion and replicate inside cells.

Question 11

What is Bacteriostatic?

Answer 11

A concentration that inhibits bacterial growth but does not kill bacteria.

Question 12

What is Bactericidal?

Answer 12

A concentration that kills bacteria completely.

Question 13

What is Autoclaving?

Answer 13

Sterilization using high-pressure steam to kill all microbes.

Question 14

What is Ionizing Radiation?

Answer 14

Sterilization method using gamma rays to damage microbial DNA.

Question 15

What is Ethanol (70%)?

Answer 15

A disinfectant that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids.

Question 16

What is Chlorine (Bleach)?

Answer 16

Oxidizes microbial components and disinfects surfaces.

Question 17

What is Hydrogen Peroxide?

Answer 17

Kills microbes by generating reactive oxygen species.

Question 18

What is a Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitor?

Answer 18

Antibiotics like Penicillin that prevent bacterial cell wall formation.

Question 19

What is a Protein Synthesis Inhibitor?

Answer 19

Antibiotics like Tetracyclines that block bacterial ribosomes.

Question 20

What is a Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitor?

Answer 20

Antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin that inhibit DNA replication enzymes.

Question 21

What is a Metabolic Pathway Inhibitor?

Answer 21

Antibiotics like Sulfonamides that block folic acid synthesis in bacteria.

Question 22

What is a Cell Membrane Disruptor?

Answer 22

Antibiotics like Polymyxins that alter bacterial membrane permeability.

Question 23

What is Quorum Sensing?

Answer 23

Bacterial communication mechanism that regulates gene expression based on population density.

Question 24

What is Biofilm Formation?

Answer 24

Microbial communities form protective layers for survival in hostile environments.

Question 26

What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Answer 26

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in biological systems.

Question 27

True or False: All enzymes are proteins.

Answer 27

False. Some enzymes are RNA molecules, known as ribozymes.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The region on an enzyme where substrates bind is called the __________.

Answer 28

active site

Question 29

What is the function of viral capsids?

Answer 29

Viral capsids protect the viral genetic material and aid in the delivery of the virus into host cells.

Question 30

Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.

Answer 30

The lytic cycle involves the virus infecting a host cell, replicating its genetic material, assembling new virions, and then causing the host cell to lyse, releasing the new viruses.

Question 31

What is genetic recombination?

Answer 31

Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is physically mixed during meiosis, leading to offspring with combinations of traits from both parents.

Question 32

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a method of microbial control? A) Pasteurization B) Fermentation C) Photosynthesis D) Respiration

Answer 32

A) Pasteurization

Question 33

True or False: Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.

Answer 33

False. Antibiotics are effective against bacteria, not viruses.

Question 34

What is biotechnology?

Answer 34

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their products to develop useful products or processes.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The process of using microorganisms to break down pollutants is known as __________.

Answer 35

bioremediation

Question 36

What are plasmids and their significance in genetic engineering?

Answer 36

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently and are often used as vectors for gene cloning.

Question 37

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? A) They can reproduce independently B) They contain genetic material C) They can evolve D) They require a host cell to replicate

Answer 37

A) They can reproduce independently

Question 38

What are restriction enzymes and their role in biotechnology?

Answer 38

Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in cloning and genetic engineering.

Question 39

True or False: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Answer 39

True.

Question 40

What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Answer 40

PCR is a technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, making millions of copies for analysis.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The __________ hypothesis states that enzymes are specific to their substrates.

Answer 41

lock and key

Question 42

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 42

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, while adaptive immunity develops over time and involves specific responses to pathogens.

Question 43

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a vector used in genetic engineering? A) Yeast B) Bacteriophage C) Both A and B D) None of the above

Answer 43

C) Both A and B

Question 44

What are the main components of a virus?

Answer 44

A virus typically consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat called a capsid.

Question 45

True or False: All microbial control methods are equally effective against all types of microorganisms.

Answer 45

False. Different methods vary in effectiveness depending on the type of microorganism.

Question 46

What is gene therapy?

Answer 46

Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or prevent disease.

Question 47

Fill in the blank: __________ are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in the body without being consumed.

Answer 47

Enzymes

Question 48

What is the significance of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 48

The Human Genome Project aimed to map all the genes in the human genome, advancing our understanding of genetics and disease.

Question 49

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an application of biotechnology? A) Vaccines B) Genetic testing C) Biopharmaceuticals D) All of the above

Answer 49

D) All of the above