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Medical Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of RNA viruses

A
  • Positive single-stranded RNA (can be used immediately to make a protein
  • Retroviruses (+ssRNA that convert genome into DNA)
  • Negative single-stranded RNA (has to be translated/ altered first)
  • double stranded RNA
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2
Q

Rhinovirus diseases

A

Upper respiratory tract infection (common cold)

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3
Q

Rhinovirus transmission, prevention and treatment

A

Transmission: aerosols (>1m), fomites and person to person contact (hand to hand is most common).
Prevention: hand washing. Also tend to become immune to more serotypes as we age
Treatment: none. Pleconaril can reduce length/ severity if taken at right time. Can treat symptoms but not infection

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4
Q

Rhinovirus signs and symptoms

A

Sneezing, runny nose (rhinorrhea), congestion, sore throat, headache, malaise, cough

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5
Q

Lesions observed in all stages of poxvirus infection

A

Vesicle (like a burn blister with thicker skin)

Pustule: like a whitehead pimple

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6
Q

Two forms of small pox

A

Major (severe cases with 20% mortality)

Minor: much milder, though still shows blisters

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7
Q

Two forms of pox viruses

A

Small pox

Mulluscum Contaginosum

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8
Q

Small pox forms of transmission

A

Contagious: spreads person to person through contact and saliva droplets (even on breath) incubation for 7-17 days

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9
Q

Smallpox prevention

A

Vaccines, even if given after exposure (within the 4-day window), largely eradicated in the industrialized world

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10
Q

what is Molluscum contagiosum and how is it treated

A
  • Caused by molluscopox virus
  • causes smooth, waxy papules, and will resolve on its own in healthy individuals
  • immunocompromised people may need to have the lesions surgically removed
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11
Q

Types of Herpes viridae (most common DNA virus)

A

HHV-1: causes herpes/ hand and mouth
HHV-2: causes genital herpes
HHV-3: Varicelles Zoster: chicken pox and shingles
HHV-4: Epstein Barr Virus
HHV-5: Cytomegalovirus
HHV-6: Roseolovirus (linked to M.S.)
HHV-8: Karposi’s Sarcoma in AIDS patients

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12
Q

Herpes (HHV-1 and HHV-2) description and treatment

A

Description: causes painful blisters/ sores on mouth, hands, or genitals (mostly HHV2).
Treatment: Reduce pain/ spread through contact. Not much treatment, just prevention

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13
Q

Varicella Zoster/ Chicken pox (HHV-3)

A

Chicken pox: just irritating in children (self-limiting itchy rash) but more dangerous in adults
Shingles: latent disease- painful blistering patches along the tract of a nerve.
Vaccines for both, but otherwise manage symptoms/ pain

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14
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV4)

A

Weak immune: tongue issues/ lymphoma
Healthy: asymptomatic
Strong: over-reacts and get mononucleosis symptoms (fatigue)
Weak: chronic fatigue syndrome

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15
Q

Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) description and treatment

A

Cells become enlarged- no damage in most healthy patients. Cells show “owl eyes”
Treatment: Virsen used to treat infections of the eye

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16
Q

Roseolovirus (HHV-6)

A

May be linked to multiple sclerosis, symptoms similar to mono, and may make patients more susceptible to AIDS

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17
Q

HHV-8

A

Causes karposi’s sarcoma (cancer), especially in those with AIDS

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18
Q

Papilloma virus disease and treatment/ prevention

A

Causes warts, with genital warts being associated with increased cervical cancer risk.
Can remove warts w/ over the counter, or surgically, and can prevent some serotypes with vaccines (HPV vaccine)

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19
Q

Polyloma virus diseases, treatment and prevention

A

BK (urinary tract) and JC (WBC) viruses cause tumors in humans and animals,
JC can cause leukoencephalopathy, which destroys white matter in the brain (paralysis and death)

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20
Q

Viruses that cause “colds”

A
  • Rhinovirus

- Adenovirus

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21
Q

Diseases caused by adenovirus

A

Common cold, GI distress, viral pinkeye

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22
Q

See hepatitis table

A

Do the hepatitis table!

23
Q

Three types of enteroviruses

A
  1. Poliovirus
  2. Coxsackievirus
  3. Echovirus
24
Q

Four conditions caused by polio viruses and their differences`

A
  1. Asymptomatic: typical in immunocompetent people
  2. Minor polio: GI or respiratory infection that doesn’t include CNS
  3. Nonparalytic polio: leads to aseptic meningitis (no virus in spinal fl)
  4. Paralytic polio: may be spinal, bulbar (medulla) or both
25
Q

Polio virus transmission, treatment, and prevention

A

Transmission: fecal-oral (from pharynx to bloodstream)
Treatment: none, mostly relief of symptoms
Prevention: inactivated polio vaccine (injection, no risk of disease)
Oral polio vaccine- can cause disease in susceptible host

26
Q

“Cruise-ship virus”

A

Calicivirus: can cause diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Norowalk viruses causes most cases of viral gastroenteritis
No treatment, and prevention= good civil water hygine, surface disinfection, and frequent hand-washing

27
Q

Difference between calicivirus and astroviruses

A

Calicivirus causes diarrhea, nausea AND vomiting

Astrovirus can cause diarrhea but no vomiting

28
Q

Transmission method of arboviruses

A

Zoonotic vectors (mosquitos, ticks, to and from animal hosts)

29
Q

Three examples of arboviruses and their diseases

A

Togavirus: Eastern (worst in humans), western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Flaviviridae: Dengue fever (pain, hemorrhaging, hepatitis) and yellow fever (hepatitis, hemorrhaging, fever, shock).

30
Q

Cause of German measles (and prevention)

A

Rubella virus,

Yes, is part of the MMR vaccine

31
Q

Symptoms of rubella

A

Begins in respiratory system but spreads through body, and can cause arthritis and encephalitis in adults, and congenital defects in babies in uterus

32
Q

The 5 childhood diseases that are caused by viruses

A
  1. Rubella (German measles)
  2. Chicken pox (varicella Zoster)
  3. Measles (rubeola)
  4. Fifth disease
  5. Rosella
33
Q

What are Oncogenic retroviruses and what diseases do they cause?

A
  1. Human T-Lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) 1. Acute T-cell lymphocytic leukemia
  2. HTLV 2: causes rare cancer called hairy-cell leukemia
34
Q

Transmission of HTLV (oncogenic retroviruses)

A

Through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and contaminated needles

35
Q

immunosuppressive retroviruses (lentiviruses)

A

it’s Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and it can lead to AIDS

36
Q

Two types of HIV:

A

HIV-1: prevalent in US and Europe

HIV-2: prevalent in Africa

37
Q

HIV diagnosis, treatment and prevention

A
  1. Diagnose based on symptoms, low CD4 lymphocyte counts, and presence of antibodies against HIV (definitive PCR test)
  2. Antiretroviral therapy available for treatment (drug cocktail)
  3. Prevention: safe-sex/ abstinence, clean needles, blood donation screening
38
Q

Measles transmission and disease state

A

transited in air via respiratory droplets (<1m), spreads in large/dense populations of people very quickly
Disease: koplik spots appear in mucous membranes of mouth, then lesions over head and body
Rarely, can result in pneumonia, encephalitis, and subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis (SSPE)

39
Q

Measles diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

A

Sings of measles spots in mouth usually diagnostic
Treatment: can only prevent disease with immunoglobulin right after exposure, but before symptoms begin
Prevention: vaccine administered in infancy and again before grade school (frequent cause of death in other unvaccinated countries)

40
Q

Parainfluenza virus transmission and disease

A

strains 1-3 associated with lower respiratory infection
Strain 4= mild upper respiratory condition
CROUP: severe condition in children, inflammation of airways, coughing, most recover within a few days but can require intubation if severe

41
Q

Mumps disease, treatment, prevention

A

Spread through respiratory secretions
Painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands
Meningitis, pancreatitis, or deafness in one ear may occur (or no symp)
No treatment, but vaccine has mostly eradicated the condition

42
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) disease and prevention

A

Lower respiratory tract infection: difficulty breathing can be cause of death in small children. Immune response can damage the lungs (it is prevalent in the US)
No treatment or vaccine, but nursery hygiene can prevent spread

43
Q

Causative agent of rabies

A

The virus itself

44
Q

Rabies disease/ diagnosis
Treatment
And prevention

A

-Zoonotic disease, causing hydrophobia, seizures, paralysis and hallucination. Causes spinal cord and brain degeneration
-Diagnosis usually w/ symptoms, but at that point too late to intervene
Postmortem can be confirmed by negri bodies in the brain
Treatment with human rabies immune globulin (or vaccine) injection at site of infection right after bite
- prevention through both human and pet vaccination

45
Q

Two causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers (and their spread)

A
  1. Ebola and Marburg viruses are the causative agents
  2. Spread person to person through body contact (even sweat/ sebum)
  3. Fruit bats are natural reservoirs
46
Q

Diseases of paramyoxoviridae family

A

Morbillivirus (measles)
Respirovirus (parainfluenzae)
Rubulavirus (mumps virus)
Pneumovirus (RSV)

47
Q

Example of orthomyoxoviridae family

A

Influenza virus (types A and B)

48
Q

Two proteins in influenza virus vital for attaching to host cells:

A

Glycoproteins

  1. Nuraminidase (NA): hydrolyzing mucus of lungs to get access to cell surface
  2. Hemagglutinin (HA): attaches to pulmonary epithelial cells and triggers endocytosis
49
Q

Antigenic DRIFT

A
  1. Influenza enters host cell
  2. Mutations in antigen genes occur during viral replication within host cell’s nucleus
  3. New strain of influenza virus, differing slightly from original virus, exits the cell
    * * can occur in A or B
50
Q

Antigenic SHIFT

A
  1. Two different strains of infA enter same host cell
  2. Genes and antigens from both viral types are incorporated into new virions
  3. New influenza virus, which can be VERY different from the original two viruses, exists the cell
51
Q

Influenza treatment and prevention

A

Treatment: oseltamivir or zanamivir inhibit neuraminidase
Prevention: Immunization with multi-valent vaccines (only against strains included in vaccine)

52
Q

Bunyaviruses diseases (no treatments) and prevention

A

Causes variety of diseases (usually mild): Arboviruses= Rift Valley fever, California encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus: American strains can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (severe and often fatal pneumonia)
- Prevention: limiting contact with animal vectors/ Arthropoda
- Vaccine against Rift Valley fever

53
Q

Arenaviridae diseases

A

lassavirus (hemorrhagic fever)

deltavirus (hepatitis D)

54
Q

Rota virus infection

A

Most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis, common cause of death in developing countries
- fecal-oral transmission
- infection usually self-limiting, replace water and electrolytes
- prevent with good hygiene and proper sewage treatment
Vaccine can give ~some~ protection

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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