Viruses And Viral Diseases

Question 1

Define transformation in reference to viruses. Name some examples.

Answer 1

The cell transforms into a tumor cell, such as HPV, HBV and HCV.

Question 2

Define lytic in reference to viruses. Name some examples.

Answer 2

The cell dies and releases the virus, such as HSV and rhinovirus.

Question 3

Define persistent infection in reference to viruses. Name some examples.

Answer 3

There is a slow release of virus without cell death, such as chronic hepatitis and HIV.

Question 4

Define latent infection in reference to viruses. Name some examples.

Answer 4

The virus is present but is not causing harm to the cell; it later emerges in a lytic infection, such as HSV, HIV and chicken pox.

Question 5

What is a relative of Ebola?

Answer 5

Filovirus.

Question 6

What is the diameter of the filovirus?

Answer 6

80nm.

Question 7

What is the length of the filovirus?

Answer 7

Around 14,000nm.

Question 8

Does Ebola have a ssRNA negative sense genome?

Answer 8

Yes.

Question 9

Is Ebola segmented or non-segmented?

Answer 9

Non-segmented.

Question 10

Is Ebola enveloped or non-enveloped.

Answer 10

Enveloped.

Question 11

How many nucleotides does Ebola contain?

Answer 11

19,000.

Question 12

How many proteins does Ebola contain?

Answer 12

7.

Question 13

What does Ebola cause?

Answer 13

Ebola haemorrhagic fever.

Question 14

What type of pathogen is Ebola.

Answer 14

Cat 4 pathogen.

Question 15

State three ways of human to human transmission.

Answer 15

1. Blood.
2. Mucosal surfaces and skin abrasions.
3. Direct internalisations (injections).

Question 16

What are the three types of immune cells that Ebola targets? Infection of these cells causes what?

Answer 16

Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Infection activates these cells and the infection moves to the spleen, liver and lymph nodes.

Question 17

Does Ebola infect lymphocytes?

Answer 17

No.

Question 18

What is the organ specific cell that Ebola targets?

Answer 18

Hepatocytes.

Question 19

Does Ebola target epithelial and endothelial cells?

Answer 19

Yes.

Question 20

Does Ebola target the extracellular matrix and collagen?

Answer 20

Yes.

Question 21

How long is the incubation period for Ebola?

Answer 21

2 to 21 days.

Question 22

What are the first four symptoms of Ebola?

Answer 22

Fever, chills, malaise and myalgia.

Question 23

What is the gastrointestinal systemic infection symptoms?

Answer 23

Anorexia, diarrhoea and vomiting.

Question 24

What is the respiratory systemic infection symptoms?

Answer 24

Chest pain.

Question 25

What is the vascular systemic infection symptoms?

Answer 25

Hypotension and oedema.

Question 26

What is the neurological systemic infection symptoms?

Answer 26

Headache, confusion and coma.

Question 27

Haemorrhagic conditions appear at peak of infection. What are the five results that occur?

Answer 27

1. Petechiae. 2. Collagen destroyed. 3. Muscosal haemorrhaging. 4. Epithelial layers sloughed off. 5. Coagulopathy supervene.

Question 28

During days 6 to 16 of the Ebola infection, what occurs?

Answer 28

Hypovolaemic shock and multiorgan failure.

Question 29

What are the four reasons as to why there isn't a vaccine for Ebola?

Answer 29

1. Infection is rare. 2. It's costly. 3. Health systems are weak due to civil wars. 4. Vaccine needs to be successful in non-human primates.

Question 30

What are the three current available treatments for Ebola?

Answer 30

1. Maintain oxygen and blood pressure. 2. Provide IV fluids and electrolytes. 3. Treat opportunistic infections.

Question 31

How many months did it take to characterise the Marburg virus?

Answer 31

Three months.

Question 32

Where was the Chikungunya fever virus first isolated?

Answer 32

In Tanzania in 1953.

Question 33

Is the Chikungunya fever virus ssNS RNA or ssPS RNA?

Answer 33

ssPS RNA.

Question 34

What family does the Chikungunya fever virus belong to?

Answer 34

Alphaviruses or Togaviridae.

Question 35

What are the three symptoms of Chikungunya fever virus?

Answer 35

1. Sever fever. 2. Myalgia of the legs. 3. Crippling joint pain.

Question 36

Why can't mosquitoes transmit HIV?

Answer 36

HIV cannot survive within a mosquito.

Question 37

Define hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Answer 37

It is 5% hepatocelluar carcinoma.

Question 38

Define human papillomavirus (HPV).

Answer 38

Cervical cancer and genital warts.