Viruses of Childhood

Question 1

Which viruses are common causes of RT illness that do not involve viremia in infants and children?

Answer 1

parainfluenza virus
respiratory syncytial virus
metapneumovirus

Question 2

Which viruses replicate in upper RT and then result in viremia in children?

Answer 2

measles
mumps
rubella
parvovirus B19
varicella zoster
human herpes virus 6

Question 3

what kind of virus causes measles (rubeola)

Answer 3

Paramyxovirus

Question 4

What kind of virus causes rubella (german measles)

Answer 4

Togavirus

Question 5

What kind of virus causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

Answer 5

Parvovirus B19

Question 6

why are immunizations so efficacious against measles, mumps, rubella?

Answer 6

infection protects again re-infection/disease

the virus has only one antigenic type

Ig developed can limit virus at the systemic replication period (which occurs before infection of the target organ)

only known to occur in humans

Question 7

What produces the rash in measles?

Answer 7

the virus infects endothelial cells and immune T cells after viremia

Question 8

What commonly occurs last in measles infections?

Answer 8

recovery and lifelong immunity

only in rare cases do you get encephalitis, panencephalitis, or no resolution/death

Question 9

What are the symptoms of measles

Answer 9

maculopapular rash
cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, photophobia
Koplik spots

Question 10

what are the complications of measles

Answer 10

PNEUMONIA
otitis media
croup
blindness
encephalitis

Question 11

when are the MMR vaccines given

Answer 11

12-15 months, then 4-6 yrs old

Question 12

what kind of vaccine is the MMR

Answer 12

live attenuated

Question 13

disease incidence of measles in US after licensing of vaccine in 1960s

Answer 13

has dropped very successfully, but still occasional outbreaks from unimmunized people

Question 14

symptoms of mumps

Answer 14

often asymptomatic
*parotitis, fever
swelling of glands (orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, throiditis)
CNS (mild meningitis)

Question 15

mumps prevention and control

Answer 15

good vaccine

cases have dropped lots since vaccine, but still are cases-college campuses

Question 16

symptoms of rubella

Answer 16

can be asymptomatic

children: mild rash
adults: more severe-arthritis, arthralgia
neonates: congenital defects

Question 17

what is of concern for adults who get rubella?

Answer 17

pregnant mothers can transmit to fetus

Question 18

rubella prevention and control

Answer 18

good vaccine

cases have gone down since vaccine

Question 19

What is the genome of Parvovirus B19

Answer 19

single stranded DNA

Question 20

shape of parvovirus B19

Answer 20

icosahedral, non-enveloped

Question 21

what does the parvovirus B19 rely on the host for?

Answer 21

DNA replication

Question 22

what kind of virus is bocavirus?

Answer 22

Parvovirus

Question 23

what does parvovirus B19 infect?

Answer 23

actively replicating RBC progenitors in bone marrow (after viremia)

Question 24

receptor for Parvovirus B19

Answer 24

blood group P antigen (on mature erythryocytes, erythroid progenitors, megakaryocytes, endothelial cells, placenta, fetal liver, fetal heart)

Question 25

How does the Parvovirus B19 replicate?

Answer 25

it needs the host cell to be in S phase

Question 26

symptoms of parvovirus B19 infection

Answer 26

usually inapparent infection clinically apparent--erythema infectiosum fifth disease rash (after 21 days) non specific flulike symptoms (fever, headache, chills, myalgia) initially. Decreased hemoglobin levels (virus replicating)

Question 27

erythema infectiosum fifth disease

Answer 27

bright red cheeks maculopapular rash circulating immune complexes-cause rash, arthralgia, arthritis

Question 28

complications of B19 infection

Answer 28

anemia | fetus--can cause still birth, anemia, CHF because fetal cells are actively dividing

Question 29

what kinds of symptoms do rotatvirus and norovirus cause

Answer 29

gastroenteritis diarrhea vomiting

Question 30

What kind of virus is rotavirus

Answer 30

Reo

Question 31

What kind of virus is Norovirus

Answer 31

Calici

Question 32

genome of rotavirus

Answer 32

11 double stranded RNA segments for 12 genes

Question 33

rotavirus: envelope or no

Answer 33

none, three layer capsid

Question 34

which antigenic group for the rotavirus is the most common cause of disease in humans

Answer 34

group A

Question 35

what in rotavirus is similar to influenza

Answer 35

can have reassortment of its genome segments when co-infection occurs

Question 36

structural proteins on rotavirus

Answer 36

VP4-neutralization antigen VP7-neutralization antigen VP6-subgroup antigen (for naming A to E)

Question 37

non structural proteins of rotavirus

Answer 37

NSP4: ENTEROTOXIN

Question 38

What does NSP4 cause

Answer 38

diarrhea

Question 39

how does NSP4 cause diarrhea

Answer 39

increases intracellular calcium levels disrupts adhesions between epithelial cells extracellular NSP4 induces phosphlipase C to increase Ca2+ in goblet cells, increases efflux of Cl- to lumen

Question 40

prevention of rotavirus

Answer 40

two vaccines: RotaTeq, Rotarix

Question 41

how effective have the rotavirus vaccines been

Answer 41

effective

Question 42

What is a major cause of foodborne illness outbreaks

Answer 42

norovirus

Question 43

when is norovirus infection most common

Answer 43

winter

Question 44

time course of norovirus usually lasts

Answer 44

3 days

Question 45

what factors help norovirus spread?

Answer 45

low infectious dose lengthy asymptomatic shedding after symptoms of illness are gone stability in environment (temperature and chlorine resistant) strain diversity can reinfect/not very lasting immunity

Question 46

vaccine for norovirus?

Answer 46

none

Question 47

what is the genome of norovirus similar to

Answer 47

picornaviruses--long polypeptide that is cleaved

Question 48

enteroviruses frequently occur what time of year

Answer 48

summer to fall

Question 49

enteroviruses can cause

Answer 49

meningitis

Question 50

prevention of enteroviruses

Answer 50

no method

Question 51

hadn foot and mouth disease can be caused by

Answer 51

coxsackie A viruses and enterovirus 71

Question 52

enterovirus infections can cause pathology in what systems

Answer 52

``` skin-hand foot mouth muscle brain-paralytic disease meninges-meningitis etc ```