Vision Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
what is the ultimate function of vision
A
support participation in daily activities through motor and/or cognitive responses
2
Q
typical vision impairments
A
visual field deficits, loss of ocular alignment or control, diplopia, changes in acuity, spatial relations impairments, etc..
3
Q
visual functions fall under the specific category of ___ ___ within the more broad __ __ category and under the __ __ domain
A
sensory functions
body functions
client factors
4
Q
the quality of ____ functions work together to promote visual awareness of environments at various distances for functioning
A
vision, acuity, stability, field
5
Q
vision serves as a primary receptor for what functions
A
motor
cognitive
communicative
emotive
6
Q
vision is a prerequisite for
A
perception and cognition
7
Q
examples of performance skills that would be affected
A
motor functioning
processing
social interaction
8
Q
what is the OT’s role in vision?
A
does vision/visual processing actually impact function
does the deficit cause a functional limitation
is the deficit related to vision/visual perception
9
Q
what do OT’s NOT do with vision
A
diagnose
discerning underlying cause
10
Q
muscles that control the eyes
A
lateral rectus
superior rectus
superior oblique
levator
inferior rectus
inferior oblique
11
Q
cranial nerves involved with vision
A
oculomotor (3)
trochlear (4)
abducens (6)
12
Q
parts of the brain that affect vision
A
brainstem
cortex
cerebellum
13
Q
brainstem
A
house vestibular nerve nuclei which helps with gaze stability
14
Q
cortex
A
uses eye movements to shift attention
15
Q
cerebellum
A
make sure eye is landing precisely on a target
16
Q
the specific type of visual deficit that occurs after brain injury depends on
A
the area or areas of the brain affected by the injury
-structural damage to brain
-damaged pathways that connect brain areas
17
Q
brainstem and cerebellum
A
control basic visual functions, such as the light (pupillary) reflex, blink response, and accommodation reflex
18
Q
posterior temporal lobe
A
answers the “what”
19
Q
posterior parietal lobe
A
answers the “where”
20
Q
prefrontal areas
A
CEO of the brain
21
Q
occipital lobes
A
help make a visual library and help sort through information that comes in
22
Q
where is the primary visual cortex located
A
occipital lobe
23
Q
ventral stream
A
object recognition (what)
color
shapes
size discrimination
24
Q
dorsal stream
A
where pathway
visuospatial perception
detection of movement
ex: top shelf, beside the butter
25
presentation of condition is
based off where it lands on the tract
26
cortical blindness
when injury occurs bilaterally around the calcarine fissure in the brain
usually detect light
can detect movement
severe visual impairment
27
vision deficits due to acquired brain injury
acuity
convergence
pursuit
quality of saccade
visual field loss
perceptual dysfunction
strabismus
more
28
causing the problem - cognitive deficit
can't remember to use the walker
29
causing the problem - visual deficit
can't see the doorway
30
causing the problem - perceptual deficit
telling the difference between the white toilet and a white floor
31
purpose of vision assessment OT
occupational profile, discover client factors, visual functions, performance skills that are impacting desired occupations
32
assessment should include
client interview
vision screening
functional clinical observations (always)
questionnaires
referral as indicated
33
what to look at in visual screenings
visual fields, ocular mobility, visual acuity, visual attention, visual searching
34
specific visuomotor abilities that should be assessed
acuity
fields
binocular fields (eye alignment, accommodation)
oculomotor (saccades, smooth pursuits, convergence)
35
fixation
able to steadily and accurately gaze at an object
examining detail
36
pursuits
ability to smoothly and accurately track an object
37
saccades
ability to quickly look or scan from one object to another
38
accommodation
accurately focusing on object you are looking at; sustaining focus; and change the focus
key here: different distances (looking up at board then back at paper)
39
vergence
ability to accurately aim the eyes at an object and track it as it moves towards and away from you
40
myopia
near-sighted
41
hyperopia
far sighted
42
astigmatism
mixed
43
presbyopia
from old age
44
decreased acuity results in
blurry vision
eye strain
headaches
45
link between presbyopia and
depression
46
intervention to increase illumination
increase lighting but not the glare
place the lighting in areas that have increased falls
47
intervention to increase size
bold tip pens
48
intervention to increase contrast
specific
different types of paper
49
common interventions mentioned
decrease clutter, bright labels, organize environment, visual anchoring, tape on things to remember
50
hemianopsia
half blindness; loss of half the field of vision occurring in both eyes
51
homonymous hemianopsia
loss of the same half of the eyes
52
distribution is based on
lesion location
53
visual field
boundary as to what is seen by looking straight ahead (without rotating head)
54
losses in inferior area
mobility
tripping
proprioception
55
losses in superior area
day to day looking at street signs
reading
56
lesion in optic tract
contralateral side
57
adaptations
reorganize environment making sure whatever they need is always in the visual field they can see
58
restorative approaches
forcing them to look to one side by placement of objects (training)
59
3 steps to improve visual exploration
practice making large, quick saccades into blind field
scan for targets among distractors in systemic way (scanning strategies)
practice strategies in real world
60
presentation of diplopia
horizontal
vertical
directional gaze
far away
near object
61
diplopia
double vision
62
diplopia - difficulty in
spatial judgement
disorientation
hand-eye coordination
mobility
postural control
reading
63
tip to resolve diplopia
cover one eye
64
if diplopia is present when one eye is covered
it is unlikely it is a neurological issue
65
diplopia - observational presentation
abnormal head position
squinting or closing one eye
possible lazy eye
possible vision loss
66
diplopia - intervention
referral
vision training
surgery
scanning activities
increasing endurance is a goal
patch
spot patch
partial vision occlusion
prisms
67
prism glasses are used for
people with visual field loss
helps with peripheral vision
68
ocular alignment is required for
coordinated function of both eyes
69
examples of coordinated functions of ocular alignment
moving both eyes to point at an object
move eyes to different positions of gaze
requires adequate muscular and cranial nerve function
70
exotropia
outward turning of the eye
71
esotropia
inward turning of the eye
72
hypertropia
upward deviation of the eye
73
hypotropia
downward deviation of the eye
74
noncomitant
amount of misalignment depends on which way the eyes are pointing
75
comitant
amount of turn is always going to be the same no matter where they are looking
76
phoria
tendency for eye to deviate but you can control it with muscular effort
77
oculomotor dysfunction
occurs when eye muscles are not properly coordinated
slower speed, control, and coordination of eye movements can cause disruption of visual scanning and attention
78
oculomotor dysfunction includes
saccadic eye movement
smooth pursuit
vergence movement
79
observations of oculomotor dysfunction
squinting
head tilting
one eye shut
complaining of headaches
agitation
80
scanboard test
employ an organized strategy for scanning while they are stationary
look at what the strategy is (top down, left right)
81
warren visual search subtest
searching through an organized array of stimuli
82
dynamic object search test
ability to learn and apply strategy within a series of different searching tasks
83
ocular mobility screening
penlight
O rotation clockwise and counterclockwise 2 times
84
interventions for oculomotor dysfunction
scanning worksheets
scanning strategies
incorporate scanning into functional tasks
pacing or cuing to control speed of scanning to control impulsive or erratic scanning
organize clothing and task tools in a consistent order
85
vergence system
working to align the eyes to maintain binocular fixation and vision
86
convergence
eyes turning inward as an object moves towards you
87
types of vergence
convergence
divergence
near-point convergence
88
accommodation reflex involves
vergence system + pupil + lens
89
vergence impairments
difficulty reading
headaches when completing near work
concentration issues
comprehension issues
conscious efforts to clear blurred images
90
OT role in vergence impairments
see where it is impacting them functionally and use adaptive strategies, compensations, patient education, family education, referral as needed
91
if a client fails vision screening
make a referral
92
stereopsis
depth perception
93
spatial relations
ability to process and interpret visual input to gain info about where something is in space
94
R/L discrimination
ability to tell right from left; use and apply the concepts of left and right
95
topographic orientation
way finding
96
figure-ground discrimination
discriminating a figure from the background; distinguishing objects in the foreground from the background
97
what are examples of higher order processing
depth perception
spatial relations
foreground/background
98
form discrimination
ability to distinguish forms
plays a role in ability to discriminate a form from another (a single letter in a sentence)
effortless; automatic
99
where is form discrimination affected in the brain when damaged
parietal and temporal lobe
100
formboard test
show 10 forms and client tries to match them
101
functional test
watching them perform an activity, what happens
102
treatment for form discrimination damage
adaptation (environment)
restorative is not always going to be most successful
103
restorative approach form discrimination
improve ability to use tactile cues
104
stereopsis is required to
locate objects
accurately use hand movements under visual guidance (using vision to accurately use hands to manipulate)
105
stereopsis impairment
activities that require the judgement of spatial relationships
ex: sports, card games, bingo, threading a needle
106
figure ground perception deficits
difficulty distinguishing figure from background
locating objects that are not well defined from the background image
very impactful for ADL/IADLs
107
how to assess figure ground perception
ayre's figure ground test
functional test (ask client to find an object in view, ADLs)
108
treatment for figure ground perception damage
occupation-based activities to judge distances, distinguish forms, and separate objects from a surrounding background
109
spatial relations deficits
understanding spatial concepts
differentiating letters
map reading
finding items
R vs L
attention
ADL/IADL
110
restorative approach to spatial relations damage
object retrieval using verbal requests
describing placement of objects
practicing functional tasks
orienting to landmarks
111
adaptive approach to spatial relations damage
organizing environment
consistency
clearly marking areas for important things (red tape on wheelchair brakes)
112
topographical disorientation
ability to situate yourself within a large-scale environment; enables navigation, following a familiar route
113
topographical disorientation deficits
ABI
dementia
rarely in isolation (usually other things going on)
114
topographical disorientation is also called
landmark agnosia
115
MVPT
motor free visual perception test
116
what does the A-ONE do
documents the effects of the visuospatial deficits on the ADLs
117
AMPS (assessment of motor and process skills)
not vision specific; vision and spatial impairments are assessed
118
SOTOF (Structured Observational Test of Function)
looks at occupational performance, performance components, behavior skills component
also looks at specific impairments
good for neuropsychological deficits
119
brain injury visual assessment battery for adults (biVABA)
includes standardized assessments for evaluations of visual functions
hones in on functions where visual perceptual processing is required
120
aspects of the biVABA
visual acuity
contrast sensitivity function
visual field
oculomotor function
visual attention and scanning
