Vision

Question 1

____ is an important component of our survival. It enables us to detect prey, predators, mates and resources:

Answer 1

Vision

Question 2

Name the 3 parts of the eye visible from the front:

Answer 2

Iris. Pupil. Sclera.

Question 3

Name the substance that overlays the pupil and the iris:

Answer 3

The cornea

Question 4

Which part of the eye expands and contracts as light first enters it?

Answer 4

The pupil

Question 5

Name the coloured part of the eye that surrounds the pupil:

Answer 5

The iris

Question 6

Name the white part of the eye accompanied by 3 pairs of extraocular muscles:

Answer 6

The sclera

Question 7

Which part of the eye carries visual information in the form of electrical signals to the brain?

Answer 7

The optic nerve

Question 8

Which part of the eye receives light from the pupil?

Answer 8

The lens

Question 9

Which part of the eye, that is also an important part of the retina, helps us process visual details in the centre of our field of vision?

Answer 9

The macula

Question 10

What part of the eye is made up of a layer of photoreceptors, that convert light information into electrical signals?

Answer 10

The retina

Question 11

How many pairs of extraocular muscles insert into the sclera?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

Light enters the pupil in the form of:

Answer 12

Electromagnetic waves

Question 13

What length of electromagnetic waves are visible to the human eye?

Answer 13

400-700 nanometres

Question 14

Wavelengths appear as different ____ within the visible spectrum:

Answer 14

Colours

Question 15

Name the step-by-step process in which light information travels from the eye to the brain:

Answer 15

Pupil -> lens -> retina -> photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> retinal ganglion cells (RGC) -> optic nerve

Question 16

What important part of the eye makes up about 2/3 of the back of the eye?

Answer 16

Retina

Question 17

Electromagnetic energy travels from the ____ cells to the ___ cells, which provide the shortest and most direct visual pathway to the RGC:

Answer 17

Photoreceptor; bipolar

Question 18

Visual information is sent from the bipolar cells to the RGC, from which it exits the eye via what part?

Answer 18

Optic nerve

Question 19

At what part of the eye does light information convert into electrical signals?

Answer 19

Retina

Question 20

Name the 2 types of photoreceptors:

Answer 20

Rods. Cones.

Question 21

What type of photoreceptor helps us to see in dim lighting?

Answer 21

Rods

Question 22

What type of photoreceptor helps us to see in bright lighting?

Answer 22

Cones

Question 23

Rods predominantly exist in the peripheral retina. The highest concentration of cones can be found in the:

Answer 23

Fovea

Question 24

Which type of photoreceptor contains the same photopigment, sensitive to a single wavelength?

Answer 24

Rods

Question 25

Which type of photoreceptor contains varying photopigments, sensitive to different wavelengths?

Answer 25

Cones

Question 26

To allow light to hit the foveal photoreceptors, which two types of cells are displaced?

Answer 26

Bipolar cells. RGC.

Question 27

Which part of the eye, due to its large concentration of cones, provides the sharpest visual detail?

Answer 27

The fovea

Question 28

The total amount of space that can be viewed by the retina is called the:

Answer 28

Visual field

Question 29

Does the retina view the same or opposite side of the visual field?

Answer 29

Opposite - images are inverted on the retina.

Question 30

Colour blindness is caused by abnormally functioning:

Answer 30

Cones

Question 31

There are a lack of blood vessels at which part of the eye:

Answer 31

Macula

Question 32

Name the two halves of the visual field:

Answer 32

Nasal hemiretina. Temporal hemiretina.

Question 33

The temporal hemiretina is the part of the retina that is closest to the:

Answer 33

Temples

Question 34

The nasal hemiretina is the part of the retina that is closest to the:

Answer 34

Nose

Question 35

Which hemiretina does the blindspot affect?

Answer 35

Temporal

Question 36

RGC axons do not cross the midline from the temporal hemiretina, but they do cross from the nasal hemiretina at the optic chiasm. True or false?

Answer 36

True

Question 37

If this part of the eye is cut, vision from the left eye and left peripheral vision will be lost:

Answer 37

Left optic nerve

Question 38

If this part of the eye is cut, the peripheral vision will be lost bilaterally:

Answer 38

Optic chiasm

Question 39

If this part of the eye is cut, vision of the right hemifield will be lost completely:

Answer 39

Left optic tract

Question 40

The axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) make up which part of the eye, before crossing the chiasm and making up the optic tract?

Answer 40

Optic nerve

Question 41

The axons of the optic tract project to which parts of the brain for processing?

Answer 41

Superior colliculus, thalamus, pretectum

Question 42

Name the 2 visual pathways of RGC axons to travel to the brain from the eyes:

Answer 42

The retinotectal pathway. The retinogeniculostriate pathway.

Question 43

If visual information travels from the retina to the subcortical superior colliculus, it is taking which pathway?

Answer 43

Retinotectal

Question 44

If visual information travels from the retina to the LGN of the thalamus, to the V1, it is following which pathway?

Answer 44

Retinogeniculostriate

Question 45

Most of our knowledge of the human primary visual cortex comes from primate research. True or false?

Answer 45

True

Question 46

The V1 is found in which lobe of the brain?

Answer 46

Occipital

Question 47

Oliveri & Calvo (2003) used which neuropsychological measure to test the excitability of the visual cortex in chronic ecstasy users?

Answer 47

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 48

According to research by Oliveri & Calvo (2003), ecstasy users who also frequently experienced hallucinations had higher phosphene thresholds and less excitatory V1's than non-hallucinators.

Answer 48

False - lower thresholds and more excitatory V1's

Question 49

The ventriloquist illusion is a popular example of which brain process occurring?

Answer 49

Sensory integration

Question 50

Sensory integration occurs as a result of different types of sensory information arriving at _____ regions of the cortex: Bimodal Heteromodal Unimodal Contramodal

Answer 50

Heteromodal