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Neuro (Exam 3) > Vision Physio > Flashcards

Vision Physio Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Where is light first refracted?

A

Cornea (about 2/3 of light is bent here)

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2
Q

Describe light bent in the lens

A
  • Adds variable amount of bending
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3
Q

A rounder lens means…

A

More refraction

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4
Q

A flatter lens means…

A

Less refraction

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5
Q

What happens with increasing curvature?

A
  • Ciliary muscle contracts
  • Suspensory l. loosens
  • Lens becomes more round
  • Near vision
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6
Q

What happens with decreasing curvature?

A
  • Ciliary muscle relaxes
  • Suspensory l. tightens
  • Lens pulled tight, loosening it
  • Far vision
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7
Q

Describe presbyopia

A

Lens stiffens w/ aging (losing elasticity)

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8
Q

What is the near response?

A
  1. Ciliary m. contracts
  2. Eyes converge to point of focus
  3. Pupil constricts
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9
Q

Vertically oriented cells of retina?

A
  • Receptor cells (cones/rods)
  • Bipolar cells
  • Ganglion cells
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10
Q

Horizontally oriented cells of retina?

A

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

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11
Q

Path of light entering eye

A
  1. Receptor cell
  2. Horizontal cell
  3. Bipolar cell (MG cell)
  4. Amacrine cell
  5. Ganglion cell
  6. Vitreous
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12
Q

Which system has more convergence?

A

Rods

  • Many rods + many bipolars converge onto one ganglion cell
  • Dim light vision
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13
Q

Rod system… acuity or sensitivity?

A

Sensitivity

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14
Q

Which system relies less on convergence?

A

Cones

- One receptor - one bipolar cell - one ganglion cell

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15
Q

Cone system… acuity or sensitivity?

A

Acuity

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16
Q

Where do rods peak?

A

Around eccentricity of 20*

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17
Q

When is Glu release highest?

A

Darkness (when there is no stimulation by photons)

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18
Q

When is Glu release lowest?

A

Light (when there is stimulation by photons)

- Cells hyperpolarize

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19
Q

On-Center bipolar cell

A
  • Activation of center of RF causes depolarization

- Activation of periphery of RF causes hyperpolarization

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20
Q

What do on-center cells increase their discharge rate in response to?

A

Luminance increments

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21
Q

Off-center bipolar cell

A
  • Activation of center of RF causes hyperpolarization

- Activation of periphery of RF causes depolarization

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22
Q

What do off-center cells increase their discharge rate in response to?

Study These Flashcards
A

Luminance decrements

23
Q

How does a on-center bipolar cell respond to cones in darkness?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hyperpolarizes

24
Q

How does a on-center bipolar cell respond to cones in light?

25
How does a off-center bipolar cell respond to cones in darkness?
Depolarizes
26
How does a off-center bipolar cell respond to cones in light?
Hyperpolarizes
27
How do bipolar cells and ganglion cells interact?
Activated bipolar cell -- Glu release -- depolarizes ganglion cell -- allows threshold to be reached -- AP
28
What do on-center cells tell us?
Where something IS
29
What are on-center cells excited by?
Bright spot in RF
30
What do off-center cells tell us?
Where something ENDS
31
What are off-center cells excited by?
Dark spot in RF
32
Role of amacrine and horizontal cells?
Provide inhibitory modulation of nearby cells in retina (via GABA or Gly)
33
Role of Superior Colliculus?
- Saccades | - Creates map of visual space to activate appropriate motor responses
34
Role of pretectum?
- Pupillary light reflex | - Sends projections to Edinger-Westphal then to ciliary ganglion
35
Role of hypothalamus?
Circadian rhythms
36
Role of LGN?
- Control motions of eyes to converge on a point - Control focus of eyes based on distance - Determine position of objects in space and map them - Detect movement relative to object
37
Brodmann area 17
Primary visual cortex
38
Brodmann area 18
Parastriate cortex
39
Brodmann area 19
Peirstriate cortex
40
V1?
Primary visual cortex
41
V2?
- Greater part of Brodmann 18 | - Depth perception (disparities between eyes)
42
V3a?
- Narrow strip of Brodmann 18 | - Identification of motion
43
V4?
- Area 19 | - Complete processing of color inputs
44
V5?
Middle temporal area (19)
45
Which layer receives input from LGB?
Layer IV
46
What layers are the main output layers?
Layers V and VI
47
What are ocular dominance columns?
- Span all 6 layers | - Preferentially respond to input from one eye or the other
48
What are orientation columns?
- Span all 6 layers - Organized region of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles - Oriented perpendicular to cortical surface
49
Where are orientation columns found?
Primary visual cortex
50
What are blobs?
- Span all 6 layers | - Organized region of neurons that are sensitive to color assemble into cylindrical shapes
51
Main job of VI?
Identify edges and contours of objects
52
Function of dorsal pathway?
- WHERE - From primary visual cortex to parietal/frontal cortex - Associates vision with movement - Passes through V3
53
Function of ventral pathway?
- WHAT - From primary visual cortex to inferior temporal cortex - Interprets images and complex patterns
54
Role of MG cells?
- Subset of ganglion cells - Detects light directly via melanopsin - Light causes changes in Ca2+ levels in MG cells

Neuro (Exam 3) (15 decks)

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