VISNAV FG

Question 1

Route planning considerations

Answer 1

• terrain
• PRDs and controlled airspace
• VFR routes, inbound/outbound points, aerodrome procedures
• high traffic and drone areas
• circuit areas of non-controlled aerodromes
• fly neighbourly/noise avoid/environmental areas

Question 2

Turn-point planning

Answer 2

• obvious, unique locations with funnel features leading to them
• natural topographical features over man-made
• balance between good feature vs efficient route
• too far features that trigger a turn onto next track if turn point is missed

Question 3

Altitude selection

Answer 3

• terrain elevation
• VFR hemispherical cruising altitudes above 3000ft AMSL
• VMC requirements
• controlled airspace and PRDs
• wind strength
• range increases with altitude but favourable winds usually more important

Question 4

Climb planning

Answer 4

Add 1 min to leg climb for every 2000ft of climb
- YSNW to 4500 AMSL, add 2 min to leg time
- slower speed and greater fuel burn

Question 5

Airspeed planning

Answer 5

Standard 120KTAS for med. level nav
- 2kts/1000ft

120KTAS at 4000’ AMSL = 112KIAS

Question 6

Holding fuel requirements

Answer 6

INTER = 85kg
TEMPO = 170kg

For ops in training area with dual radio comms, INTER/TEMPO fuel requirements may be waived at autho direction if VFR/SVFR applies in the circuit

Question 7

MET considerations

Answer 7

Is the weather suitable for VMC departure?
Is the weather suitable for VMC at planned cruising levels?
Is the weather at the destination above the VFR alternate minima?
- If weather is below alternate minima, what holding/alternate fuel is required?
Calculate ETI’s based on winds?
Calculate min fuels based on ETIs and holding/alternate requirements?

Question 8

Away base ops to RAAF bases

Answer 8

ESTTR to air base command post on DRN

Question 9

Away base
How long does EC135 before flight service last?

Answer 9

24hrs
Not adhering to this when away requires prior coordination through ops

Question 10

What is track crawling?

Answer 10

Tracking to ID’d ground features as opposed to flying a drift corrected heading

Question 11

Basic Nav technique

Answer 11

Clock - time since last fix, or est to next turn point

ND - distance to next TP and L/R of track

Map
- based on time + ND
- what should my position on the map be? - identify features around this

Ground - look outside to find the features (big to small)

Question 12

ID, and describe a feature

Answer 12

Direction
Distance
Description

Right 2 o’clock, middle ground, a tower on top of a hill. Left 300m, a sharp drop off down to a plateau. Track for the plateau.

Question 13

Pre departure workcycle

Answer 13

AAABC

AIDS - confirm route loaded and GTNs configured correctly

Brief:
“We’ll taxi to runway 26 via holding point A. Expect a right turn after take off and crosswind departure. Track is 350, altitude 4500, time 12-minute leg and speed 111 indicated”

Question 14

Controlled departure workcycle

Answer 14

• comply with ATC
• intercept track as per airways clearance by 5nm

Question 15

Non controlled departure work cycle

Answer 15

a) Extend a leg of the circuit
b) helicopter departure

Question 16

After take off workcycle

Answer 16

1. Note time and fuel
2. Intercept track

TOPO
Track - confirm on ND, identify tracking feature for FP

Obstacles - brief obstacles on the leg

Points of interest - brief significant features, airspace, etc

Other admin - FCLEARM

Question 17

Top of climb work cycle

Answer 17

1. Set cruise power to achieve IAS
2. Fix position on map and note time
3. Update ETA for turn point
4. Cruise work cycle - FCLEARM

Question 18

Pre turn point work cycle

Answer 18

Brief: describe physical features of the turn point

TATS
Track - brief and set course bar
Altitude - brief altitude
Timing - brief next leg time
Speed - brief IAS needed to maintain 120KTAS

Question 19

Overhead turn point work cycle

Answer 19

TTF

Time - note time over head TP
Turn - direct FP to new tracking feature
Fuel - note fuel

Question 20

Post turn point work cycle

Answer 20

TOPO

Question 21

Cruise work cycle

Answer 21

TATSTOPO

Track - clock, ND, map, ground

Altitude - correct altitude, QNH, airspace

Time - update ETA

Speed - confirm IAS to ground speed

Track - update if required

Obstacles - PRDs and hazards

Points of interest - airspace boundaries & frequency changes

Other admin - FCLEARM

Question 22

Descent work cycle

Answer 22

AAABC

Question 23

Diversions work cycle

Answer 23

DIAFARE

Divert point - select, and calculate track, alt, distance, time, fuel for new legs

Info - check wx + notams if going to an aerodrome

Airspace - check for controlled airspace and PRDs

Fuel
- do we have enough fuel?
- Is holding/alternate fuel required?

AVRM - ACMEE

R/T
a) controlled - request onwards clearance for new route
b) non controlled - advise route changes to ATS

Execute - conduct diversion

Question 24

Normal poor weather + recovery plan

Answer 24

1000ft cloud base, 3km vis

No recovery plan

Question 25

Limited poor weather and recovery plan

Answer 25

Clear of cloud, 800m vis, in sight of ground/water, speed to avoid cloud/obstacles/aircraft Weather must allow visual recovery at approach minima where IAP is available, or enroute LSALT

Question 26

Poor weather poor conditions + recovery plan

Answer 26

Worse than limited (SVFR) No take off. If conditions deteriorate to poor in flight than; a) land b) initiate IMC recovery

Question 27

IMC recovery considerations

Answer 27

Consider how to climb to LSALT clear of terrain - freezing level - airspace - fuel

Question 28

Poor weather options

Answer 28

A) fly lower B) slow down C) divert/turn back

Question 29

Lost procedure

Answer 29

Lost - announce that you are lost Climb - to NB 500ft AO Time - note time(med. level, TOT)/stop the clock (ET) Orbit - direct FP to hold (orbits, racetrack, cardinal) Area - determine area of uncertainty based on time + heading ID - big to small; ID features to determine position If still lost: A) fly reciprocal to last known position B) climb higher C) confirm with GPS D) use nav aids, ATC, or radar services

Question 30

FCLEARM

Answer 30

Fuel - monitor fuel flow rate and compare to plan Compass - confirm correct HDG/TRK flow, and orientation with ground features Log - annotate nav logs Engine - CAD, OAT, Ts & Ps Alt/airspeed - maintaining cleared alt or LSALT. Next altitude considered and set. Review VNE if needed Radio/nav - radios and transponders set for current and next event, review next R/T call Mission equip - switches configured to support next event

Question 31

CEFR (revised FCLEARM for CP/PSR and before ops normal)

Answer 31

Compass - aligned and review nav indications Engines - CAD, OAT, Ts & Ps Fuel - remaining and assess against plan Radios - revise R/T and navaid frequencies

Question 32

HASEL (low level and auto)

Answer 32

Height - confirm entry height, NB, DH settings Area/authorisation - area is suitable for sequence and authorised Security - crew harnesses locked and no loose articles Engines - no warnings/cautions, advisories, Ts and Ps Lookout - confirm location of pertinent traffic

Question 33

Low level hazards

Answer 33

- wires - towers - birds - aircraft - turbulence - controlled flight into terrain

Question 34

Low level ground speed

Answer 34

90kts

Question 35

Fuel burnt on taxi

Answer 35

50kg

Question 36

Cruise fuel burn

Answer 36

200kg/hr

Question 37

Holding fuel burn

Answer 37

170kg/hr

Question 38

OEI fuel burn & total fuel

Answer 38

140kg/hr Total - 50kg (supply tanks)

Question 39

Minimum fuel to get back

Answer 39

Fixed reserve (20min = 70kg) + variable (leg fuel + 10%)

Question 40

Ideal features for low level track crawling

Answer 40

Hills Valleys Plateaus Ridges

Question 41

Timing corrections: 90KIAS and 10 sec late

Answer 41

Fly 100KIAS for next 90 secs

Question 42

Timing corrections: 100KIAS, 40 sec late

Answer 42

120KIAS for 180 seconds

Question 43

How to divert for large time error

Answer 43

60/120 Left 60 degrees for 1min Right 120 degrees for 1 min Takes 2min for a 1min leg

Question 44

Wire obstacle brief

Answer 44

During TOPO: “there is a set of high tension wires in 4nm” “Wires in 2nm, crossing from rear left to front right” “Wires in 1nm, should be prior to the next ridgeline in the low ground” If not seen: “Climb not below 500ft”