visual from course notes

Question 1

smooth pursuit

Answer 1

conjugate, slower movements, not voluntary and allow a stable viewing of moving objects

Question 2

vergence

Answer 2

movements that adjust eyes towards near and far objects-> involves changing pupil size and shape of lens (disconjugate), maintain fixation

Question 3

vesitbulo-ocular reflex?

Answer 3

compensates for acceleration, input from vestibular nuclei (MVN)

Question 4

pupillary light reflex?

Answer 4

maintains retinal illumination

Question 5

opto-kinetic reflex?

Answer 5

compensates for movement of entire visual field, slow movements that match retinal slip

Question 6

blink reflex?

Answer 6

protects eye

Question 7

extra-ocular muscles originate from?

Answer 7

annulus tendineus

Question 8

superior oblique

Answer 8

superior optic canal, CN IV, depression, abduction and nasal rotation

Question 9

inferior oblique

Answer 9

orbital plate of maxilla near lacrimal fossa, CN III, elevation, abduction temporal rotation

Question 10

levator palpebrae superioris

Answer 10

superior and anterior optic canal, CN III, rasies eyelids and superior fornix

Question 11

superior tarsal muscles (muellers muscles)

Answer 11

inferior portion of palpebrae superioris and tarsus, sympathetic fibers innervate, (ptosis in Horner;s syndrome)

Question 12

lateral rectus

Answer 12

abduction

Question 13

medial rectus

Answer 13

adduction

Question 14

superior rectus

Answer 14

elevates and adducts

Question 15

inferior rectus

Answer 15

depressed adducts

Question 16

straight inferior gaze?

Answer 16

superior oblique and inferior rectus

Question 17

straight upward gaze?

Answer 17

inferior oblique and superior rectus

Question 18

CN III

Answer 18

GSE, GVE

Question 19

CN IV

Answer 19

GSE

Question 20

CN VI

Answer 20

GSE

Question 21

ciliary muscles

Answer 21

preganglionic fibers: EW nucleus

postganglionic fibers: ciliary ganglion

Question 22

sphincter pupillae muscles

Answer 22

preganglionic fibers: EW

postganglionic fibers: ciliary ganglion

Question 23

dilator pupillae:

Answer 23

postganglionic fibers: superior cervical ganglion

Question 24

oculomotor nuclei

Answer 24

midbrain, level of SC and red nuclei, exits interpenduncular fossa

Question 25

trochlear nucleus

Answer 25

mibrain, level of IC. exits brain dorsally at level of anterior medullary velum, cross in superior medullar velum.

Question 26

abducens nucleus

Answer 26

floor of 4th ventricle under facial colliculus, exits pontomedullary junction, passes through Dorello canal

Question 27

abducens internuclear neurons

Answer 27

conjugate eye movements via connections to CN VI nucleus and MLF

Question 28

vertical eye movement control

Answer 28

reticular formation and pretectal areas ventral region-> downward gaze, interstitual nuc of MLF dorsal region-> upward gaze

Question 29

smooth pursuit circuits?

Answer 29

parieto-occipto-temporal cortex via vestivular nuclei, cerebellum and PPRF.

Question 30

vergence circuits?

Answer 30

premotor neurons in SOA, maybe cerebellum

Question 31

supranuclear control of eye movements

Answer 31

SC-> contralateral saccades | frontal eye fields-> to SC and horizontal/vertical GC

Question 32

vestibular-ocular reflex pathway

Answer 32

semicircular canals-> medial/lateral vestibular nuclei->MLF->contral. CN VI-> ipsil. lateral rectus and contral. CN III-> medial rectus

Question 33

opto-kinetic reflex pathway

Answer 33

``` smooth pursuit (slow)-> ipsil. posterior cortex with connections vestibular nuclei/flocculonodular cerebellum saccadic (fast)-> frontal eye fields to contral. PPRF ```

Question 34

Pupillary light reflex pathway

Answer 34

retinal ganglion cells-> pretectal nuclei-> bilaterally to EW->ciliary ganglion->parasym. fiber-> constriction

Question 35

blink reflex

Answer 35

afferent limb-> V1 and projects to principal sensory nucleus | efferent-> facial motor nucleus-> orbicularis oculi