VISUAL PERCEPTION

Question 1

blues and greens can be confused, but yellows also can seem to disappear or to appear as light shades of reds

Answer 1

Tritanopia

Question 2

the object in the external world

Example: The apple on the table itself, which is the source of the sensory input.

Answer 2

distal object

Question 3

– how the information of the object is presented and delivered

Example: Light reflected from an apple serving as the medium for visual perception.

Answer 3

informational medium

Question 4

occurs when the information meet the appropriate sensory receptor

Example: Light rays from a nearby lamp hitting the retina.

Answer 4

proximal stimulation

Question 5

created in the brain that reflects the properties of the external world

Example: Seeing a pencil on a desk and perceiving it as “a pencil,” distinct from its surrounding objects.

Answer 5

perceptual object

Question 6

• Information flows through the system of sensation, perception, and cognition
• Questions of ___ focus on qualities of stimulation
• Questions of ___ focus on identity and form, pattern, and movement
• Questions of ___ focus on how the information will be used on further goals
• We never can experience through vision, hearing, taste, smell, or touch exactly the same set of stimulus properties we have experienced before

Answer 6

sensation
perception
cognition

Question 7

• receptor cells adapt to constant stimulation by ceasing to fire until there is a change in stimulation
• Through __-, we may stop detecting the presence of a stimulus

Example: Not noticing the smell of a perfume after wearing it for a while.

Answer 7

sensory adaptation

Question 8

a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived

Example: Mentally visualizing a specific fragrance (like roses) even without physically smelling it at the moment

Answer 8

mental percept

Question 9

describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye

Example: Identifying a novel object by piecing together its shape, texture, and color without prior familiarity.

Answer 9

bottom-up theories

Question 10

state that perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception

Example: Reading messy handwriting but understanding the word because your brain fills in the gaps based on context.

Answer 10

top-down theories

Question 11

• Proposed by___
• States that the information in
  our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything
• This view is sometimes also
  called ____
• We use texture gradients as
  cues for depth and distance

as you move, sesnory system directly picks up information aout depth

ex: The texture of the ground changing as you step on leaves or soil. Theses cues are perceived directly without needing prior experience or mental reconstruction

Answer 11

Theory of direct perception
James J. Gibson
ecological perception

Question 12

revealed that infants quickly
develop many aspects of
perceptual awareness, including depth perception
* may also play a role in interpersonal situations when we try to make sense of others’ emotions and intentions

Example: A driver perceives the layout of the road and adjusts their speed immediately based on its visual flow.

Answer 12

direct perception
specific : visual cliff experiment

Question 13

• Suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad ets of templates
  *___are highly detailed
  models for patterns we
  potentially might recognize

Example: Recognizing the letter “A” regardless of font style because it matches a mental template stored for “A.”

Answer 13

templates theory
Templates

Question 14

• According to these theories, we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype
• One such feature-matching
  model has been called
  ____ by Oliver
  Selfridge

hinihimay natin ang features (color, line, shape) at compare sa stored feature sa memory

Answer 14

feature matching theories
pandemonium

Question 15

receives a retinal image

Example: Detecting a blurry image of a letter “R” as it first appears in the visual field.

Answer 15

image demon

Question 16

calls out when there are matches between the stimulus and the given feature.

Example: Recognizing the straight lines and curved shapes in the letter “R.”

Answer 16

feature demon

Question 17

shouts out possible patterns stored in memory that conform to one or more features

Example: Suggesting that the combination of features might form the letter “R” or “P.”

Answer 17

cognitive demon

Question 18

decides on what has been seen, based on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently

Example: Concluding that the letter is indeed “R” and not “P.”

Answer 18

decision demon

Question 19

___-constitute the
small-scale or detailed aspects
of a given pattern

Example: While looking at a painting, noticing the intricate brush strokes and patterns within a small corner.

• ___- - the features
  that give a form its overall
  shape

Example: Looking at the same painting and seeing the whole image as a landscape without focusing on individual details.

Answer 19

local features
Global Features

Question 20

occurs when the person more
readily identifies the global feature

Example: Observing a large letter “H” made up of smaller letters “E.” You first perceive the large “H” (global feature) before noticing the individual “E”s (local features).

Answer 20

global precedence effect

Question 21

occurs when the person more readily identifies the local feature

Example: Looking at a forest, someone first notices the shape and details of individual leaves on a tree rather than seeing the forest as a whole.

Answer 21

local precedence effect

Question 22

• Proposed by Irving Biederman
• We achieve stable 3-D mental
  representations of objects by
  manipulating a number of simple 3-D geometric shapes called ___ (for geometrical ions)
• A small number of ___can be used to build up many basic
  shapes and then myriad basic
  objects

Answer 22

recognition-by-components theory
geons

Question 23

• The perceiver builds a cognitive understanding of a stimulus
• The concepts of the perceiver
  and his or her cognitive processes influence what he or she sees
• Perception both affects and is
  affected by the world as we
  experience it
• Also known as the ___

ang brain ang gumagawa ng meaning mula sa sensory information

Answer 23

constructive perception
intelligent perception

Question 24

are the influences of the surrounding environment on perception

Ex: Visual Context: A letter like “B” might look like “13” when placed between numbers (12, 13, 14) but appear as a letter “B” in an alphabetic context (A, B, C).

Answer 24

context effects

Question 25

objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than the objects presented in isolation Example: If you're shown two side-by-side triangles that are slightly misaligned to form a new composite shape, you will recognize differences between these configurations faster than between single, isolated triangles. ## Footnote mas mabilis ang perception kapag ang mga bahagi ay nasa isang meaningful pattern

Answer 25

configural-superiority effect

Question 26

when people are presented with strings of letters, it is easier for them to identify a single letter if the string makes sense and forms a word Ex: If you see the letter "K" within the word "WORK", you're likely to identify it faster than if the letter "K" appeared by itself or in a random string like "SKOL". ## Footnote mas madaling kilalanin ang letra kapag bahagi ito ng isang buong salita kaysa kapag ito ay mag-isa lang or kasama sa random words

Answer 26

word superiority effect

Question 27

** An ____ position would drastically underestimate the importance of sensory data (EX: naglalakad sa madilim na kalsada, dahil may narinig kang kwento na may multo sa lugar, ang utak mo ay nag c-connect ng nakikita mo na shadow kahit hindi naman talaga, ang expectation ang nangibabaw kaysa sa actual visual information) * An ____ position would not allow for any influence of past experience or knowledge on perception (ex: First time makakita ng new fruit, dipa natitikman o nakakain, ang brain is di gagamit ng past experience para malaman kung ano ito, senses lang ang gagamitin)

Answer 27

extreme top-down extreme bottom-up

Question 28

* The individual stores the way the object looks to him or her * Thus, what matters is the appearance of the object to the viewer * When we try to recognize an object, we have to rotate that object in our mind until it fits one of the stored images ex; when you walk around a table, the legs of the table appear to shift position relative to you, but you recognize it as the same table ## Footnote depende sa anggulo ng observer

Answer 28

viewer centered representation

Question 29

* The person stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer * In this case, the shape of the object will stay stable across different orientations ex: a car's wheels are always understood as part of the car, no matter which side of the car you're looking at | stable image ## Footnote naiintindihan batay sa isang fixed at universal representation

Answer 29

object centered representation

Question 30

Information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item ex; when giving directions "the library is two blocks south of the school"

Answer 30

landmark centered representation

Question 31

* One way to bring order and coherence into our perception is our ability to group similar things * This way, we can reduce the number of things that need to be processed

Answer 31

perception of groups: gestalt laws

Question 32

we tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form ex: when you see a group of circles overlapping, your brain simplifies the view to see them as whole circles, rather than complex shapes formed by the overlapping areas | hinahanap ang pinaka maayos na structure ## Footnote kapag tumingin tayo sa isang object, ang utak natin is automatic na nag aayos ng visual elements para mas maging simple at madaling maintindihan

Answer 32

Law of Prägnanz

Question 33

when perceiving a visual field, some objects (figures) seem prominent, and other aspects of the field recede into the background (ground) ex: in a face vase illusion, your brain alternates between seeing the vase as the figure and the faces as the background

Answer 33

figure ground

Question 34

when we perceive an assortment of objects, we tend to see objects that are close to each other as forming a group ex: a cluster of stars in the night sky is perceived as a constellation

Answer 34

proximity

Question 35

we tend to group objects on the basis of their similarity

Answer 35

similarity

Question 36

- we tend to perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted or discontinuous ones ex: when you see lines crossing each other. your brain perceive them as continuous patterns

Answer 36

continuity

Question 37

we tend to perceptually close up, or complete, objects that are not, in fact, complete ex: when you see a circle with small gaps in its outline your brain "fills in" the missing parts to perceive it as complete

Answer 37

closure

Question 38

we tend to perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center

Answer 38

symmetry

Question 39

specializes in recognition of parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes ex: identifying a letter by analyzing its individual components, such as straight lines and curves ## Footnote ini-scan muna ng utak ang features (hugis, color, texture) after ipag sasama para makabuo ng kumpletong image or object

Answer 39

feature analysis system

Question 40

specializes in recognizing larger configurations, but is not well equipped to analyze parts of objects or the construction of the objects ex: kapag nakakita tayo ng artista hindi mo maiisip na maitim ang buhok niya, bilog ang mata,etc. automatic na makikilala bilang isang buo | iniintindi natin bilang isang buo kaysa himay himayin ang bawat parte ## Footnote ang utak natin mas mabilis mag process ng buong facial structure kaysa feature ng hiwalay

Answer 40

configurational system

Question 41

It occurs when our perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of the distal object changes

Answer 41

perceptual constancies

Question 42

is the perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus

Answer 42

size constancies

Question 43

is the perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus

Answer 43

shape constancies

Question 44

the distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference surface ex; while hiking you estimate how far the peak of a hill from your current position

Answer 44

depth

Question 45

can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just **one eye** ex; while driving you notice that the distant trees appear smaller and closer together

Answer 45

monocular depth cues

Question 46

based on the receipt of sensory information in **three dimensions** from** both eyes ** ex: while watching 3d movies the overlapping images presented to each eye are interpreted by your brain as a single, three-dimensional scene

Answer 46

binocular depth cues

Question 47

your **two eyes** send increasingly **disparate (differing) images** to your brain as objects approach you ex; while holding a pen in front of your face, closing one eye and then the other makes the pen appear to "jump" against the background

Answer 47

binocular disparity

Question 48

# **** your **two eyes** increasingly turn **inward** as objects approach you ex; when reading a book held close down your face, your eyes turn inward to focus on the text, signaling that the object is near

Answer 48

binocular convergence

Question 49

may depend upon more than just the distance or depth at which an object is located relative to oneself * The perceived distance to a target is influenced by the effort required to walk to the location of the target ex: while playing a catch, you accurately judge the distance of the ball as it approaches, allowing you to catch it with precision

Answer 49

depth perception

Question 50

have trouble to perceive sensory information - have normal sensations of what is in front of them ex: a person might see a toothbrush but be unable to recognize it as a toothbrush, even though their vision is intact

Answer 50

agnosia

Question 51

the inability to recognize face ex: they might rely on distinctive features like hairstyles or clothing to identify people

Answer 51

prosopagnosia

Question 52

an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time ex: in a busy living room, they might notice a couch but fail to perceive a nearby lamp or coffee table

Answer 52

simultagnosia

Question 53

* It is an impairment in the ability to use the visual system to guide movement * People with this deficit have trouble reaching for things ex: might struggle to reach for a glass of water despite seeing it clearly

Answer 53

optic ataxia

Question 54

- People with this condition have no color vision at al ex: individuals see the world as gray and often attributed to color blindness and sensitivity to light

Answer 54

Rod monochromacy (achromacy)

Question 55

- only two of the mechanisms for color perception work, and one is malfunctioning - common form is RED-GREEN BLINDNESS | Kulang ng isa sa 3 cone cells (red, green, blue)

Answer 55

dichromacy

Question 56

The extreme form of red-green color blindness is called ex: red stop sign might appear dark gray and green leaf could look yellowish ## Footnote kulang ng red cones

Answer 56

Protanopia

Question 57

trouble seeing greens ex: a green apple might look brownish ## Footnote kulang ng green cones

Answer 57

deuteranopia

Question 58

blues and greens can be confused, but yellows also can seem to disappear or to appear as light shades of reds ex: a blue sky might appear greenish, and a ripe banana may look pinkish or gray instead of yellow ## Footnote kulang ng blue cones

Answer 58

tritanopia

Question 59

* Sensory information may be more richly informative and less ambiguous in interpreting experiences than the constructivists would suggest * But it may be less informative than the direct-perception theorists would assert * We likely use a combination of information from the sensory receptors and our past knowledge to make sense of what we perceive