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neuro 3rd shift > visual system > Flashcards

visual system Flashcards

1
Q

afferents from eyes to brain

A

CN II - vision and pupillary constriction

CN V - ocular pain, tearing reflex, corneal reflex, proprioception

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2
Q

efferents of eyes

A

CN III, IV, VI - ocular muscles

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3
Q

discuss how light and images pass through eyes and retina

A

light passes through lens and images are inverted and reversed

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4
Q

relate visual spaces to parts of retina

A

upper - lower retina
lower - upper retina

right - left hemiretina
left - right hemiretina

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5
Q

the central fixation point of each eye is at the ______

A

fovea

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6
Q

what represents the fovea

A

half of optic nerve fibers and have of cells of primary visual cortex

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7
Q

the fovea is surrounded by ______

A

macula

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8
Q

discuss all about the optic disc

A

area found 15 deg medial/nasal to fovea and has no photoreceptors

hence blind spot found 15 deg lateral/temporal and inferior to the central fixation point of each eye

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9
Q

discuss all about receptive field

A

receptive field contain photoreceptors that respond to light by forming excitatory or inhib synapses with bipolar cells

bipolar cells synapse with retinal ganglion cells na connected sa optic nerve

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10
Q

discuss the 2 kinds of retinal ganglion cells

A

parasol or A cells - large receptive field; for movement and gross stim; projects to magnocellular layer of LGB

midget or B cells - small receptive field; sensitive and fine vision and color; projects to parvocellular layer of LGB

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11
Q

discuss all about interneurons

A

horizontal and amacrine cells

forms lateral inhibitory or excitatory connection with bipolar and ganglion cells

excitation on part of retina with light inhib on surrounding

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12
Q

discuss all about rods

A

more than cones but poor spatial and temporal resolution; NO COLORS

for low level light - night vision

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13
Q

discuss all about cones

A

less but high in fovea; high spatial and temporal resolution; YES COLORS

for visual acuity

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14
Q

lesions of eye, retina and optic nerve

A

monocular visual field defect

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15
Q

lesions to optic chiasm

A

bitemporal visual field efect

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16
Q

lesions to optic tract, LGB, optic radiations and visual cortex (posterior to optic chiasm)

A

homonymous visual field defects

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17
Q

discuss lateral geniculate nuc and extrageniculate pathways

A

LGB project to primary visual cortex but some enter brachium to go to pretectal area and sup coll

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18
Q

pretectal area is for

A

EDW - pupillary light reflex

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19
Q

sup coll and pretectal is for

A

direct visual attention and eye movements towards stim

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20
Q

what is Meyer’s loop

A

fibers of inferior optic radiation goes to temporal lobes

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21
Q

inferior optic radiations carry info from _______

A

inferior retina - sup visual field

22
Q

upper portions of optic rad projects to ______

A

sup bank of calcarine sulcus

23
Q

temporal lobe lesion

A

contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

24
Q

upper optic radiations pass under ______

A

parietal lobe

25
parietal lobe lesion
contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia
26
lesion on calcarine
contralateral superior quadrant defects
27
discuss visual processing
input arrives at cortical layer 4 of primary visual cortex sublamin 4A, 4B, 4C alpha and 4C beta
28
sublamina 4B is aka as
stria of gennari
29
magnocellular layer of LGB porject to ______
to layer 4C alpha
30
parvocellular layer of LGB porject to ______
project to 4C beta
31
parvocellular layer and intralaminar zones porject to ______
project to cortical layers 2 and 3 - for color
32
purpose of oculomotor system
finds, fixates, focuses/aligns on and follows visual targets - foveates para light will fall on fovea and retinal image falls on corresponding points = visual acuity and single mental image
33
discuss pathway for pupillary contriction
light activates ganglion cells - optic nerve - chiasm - tracts - extrageniculate going to pretectal - (B) EDW - ciliary ganglion - ciliary muscles
34
discuss accommodation reflex
for near vision - by medial recti so aims eyes near fixation point contsriction also by pupillary contrictors lens thickening by ciliary muscles
35
discuss pupillary dilation
Postganglionic SY fibers ascend through carotid plexus along the walls of the ICA to cavernous sinus, ultimately reaching the pupillary dilator muscles
36
discuss saccades
REM or basta fast vertical or horizontal eye movement vision transiently suppressed; brings target in field of view
37
discuss smooth pursuit
allow stable view of moving objects retino-geniculo-occipito-parieto-frontaltegmental pathway
38
discuss vergence
maintains fused fixation as targets move towards or away retino-geniculo-occipito-tegmental pathways
39
discuss nystagmus
slow eye movement towards wanted direction tas fast movement in opposite vestibulo-ocular reflex
40
discuss fixation system
holds the eyes on the target and promote fusion of both retinal images into one sharp image retino-geniculo-occipito-tegmental and retinooccipito-fronto-tegmental pathways
41
discuss brainstem circuit for horizontal eye movement
by LR and MR - MLF interconnects CN III, IV, VI and CN III nuc for conjugate eye movement in all directions
42
discuss voluntary horizontal eye movements
paramedian pontine reticular formation send fibers to ipsi abducens nuc that sends to ipsi LR and contra MR stimulation of right PPRF or right abducens will make the eyes deviate conjugately to the right
43
discuss brainstem circuit for vertical eye movement
by SR, IR, SO and IO loc in rostral midbrain reticular formation and pretectal area
44
for mediate downgaze
Rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF
45
Conjugate upward eye movement
tegmentum dorsal downward pathway
46
Conjugate downward eye movement
tegmentum dorsomedial to red nucleus
47
saccadic brainstem center for vertical eye movements
Rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF
48
brain stem center for horizontal saccades
PPRF
49
discuss role of frontal eye fields or BA 8
generate saccades in contralateral direction via connections with contralateral PPRF
50
discuss role of parieto-occipito-temporal cortex
for smooth pursuit movements in the ipsilateral direction via connections with vestibular nuclei, cerebellum, PPRF
51
Cortical descending control of eye movements is heavily influenced by visual inputs arriving at the _____
primary visual cortex and visual association cortex
52
modulates eye movements
basal ganglia

neuro 3rd shift (12 decks)

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