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NE Exam 2 > Visual tracts and histo > Flashcards

Visual tracts and histo Flashcards

1
Q

This functions to protect the eye

A

eyelid

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2
Q

The ______ ______ are special sebaceous glands. Secretion slows the evaporation of tears

A

Tarsal glands

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3
Q

What is the cause of a chalazion?

A

Inflammation of the tarsal gland

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4
Q

This is what gets infected when you have a sty

A

The Sebaceous (Zeis) gland

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5
Q

The _____ _____ produces tears, and is made up of tubuloacinar serous glands below the upper lid

A

Lacrimal gland

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6
Q

These line the space between the inner eyelid and ends lateral to the cornea

A

Palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

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7
Q

This chamber of the eye is between the cornea and the iris

A

Anterior chamber

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8
Q

This chamber of the eye is between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens

A

posterior chamber

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9
Q

This chamber of the eye is between the posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina

A

Vitreous chamber filled with vitreous humor, which is 99% water and proteins and hyaluronan

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10
Q

The ______ supports the eye shape, protects the delicate internal eye structures, and is the site for the EXTRINSIC muscles of the eye

A

Sclera

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11
Q

What is the tissue type found in the sclera?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

The _____ protects the anterior surface of the eye and refracts incoming light

A

Cornea

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13
Q

This is characterized by two layers of epithelium with a layer of connective tissue in between

A

Cornea

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14
Q

What are the components of the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Cornea and the Sclera

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15
Q

What is the function of the vascular tunic layer of the eye and what are its components?

A

Keeping things alive Choroid Ciliary body Iris

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16
Q

What is the portion of the vascular tunic that is highly vascularized?

A

Choroid

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17
Q

The ______ is what supplies nourishment to the retina

A

Choroid

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18
Q

This holds the suspensory ligament that attach to the lens and secretes aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

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19
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

To control the pupil diameter and the amount of light that enters the eye

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20
Q

This layer of the retina absorbs extraneous light and provides vitamin A to the photoreceptor cells

A

Pigmented layer

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21
Q

The _____ _______ detects incoming light rays and converts the nerve signals and transmitted to the brain

A

neural layer

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22
Q

List the 5 layers of the cornea

A
  1. Corneal epithelium 2. Bowmans membrane 3. Corneal stroma 4. Descemet membrane 5. Corneal endothelium
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23
Q

This is the inner vascular layer and is Bruch’s membrane

A

Choroid

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24
Q

What is the muscle that is in charge of accommodation of the eye

A

Ciliary muscle

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25
Q

Describe the process of accommodation

A
  1. Adjustments of the eye ciliary muscle 2. eye flattens and thickens 3. tension in the ciliary body 4. zonular fibers transmit the signal of tension to the lens 5. lens changes shape
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26
Q

What are the three components of the lens

A
  1. capsule 2. Subcapsular 3. Lens fibers
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27
Q

______ is the loss of elasticity of the lens that is common with age

A

Presbyopia

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28
Q

The ______ _______ _______ is a layer of simple cuboidal epithelial cells that rest on Bruch’s membrane of the choroid It serves as the blood neutral retinal barrier

A

Retinal pigmented layer

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29
Q

The ______ _______ is where the rods and cones lie

A

Neural retina

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30
Q

This is the area where the optic nerves from the ganglion layer exit the eye and cause a blind spot

A

Optic disc

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31
Q

The _______ _______ ________ is the apical boundary of the Muller cells

A

Outer limiting membrane

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32
Q

What is the innermost part of the retinal epithelium?

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

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33
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the photoreceptor cells?

A

In the outer nuclear layer

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34
Q

Where do the photoreceptors and non-photoreceptor cells connect?

A

Outer plexiform layer

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35
Q

Where are the processes of the interconnecting ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells?

A

Inner plexiform layer

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36
Q

Where are the processes of the optic nerve fibers?

A

In the processes of the ganglion cells

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37
Q

What are the 3 main aspects of the general structure of the rods and cones?

A

Outer segment Connecting stalk Inner segment

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38
Q

Which portion of the rods and cones are the photosenstive parts with a series of plasma membrane discs that are connected to the inner segment via the modified cilium

A

outer segment

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39
Q

The _______ ______ is a portion of the rods and cones that contains the basal body of the cilium

A

Connecting stalk

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40
Q

Where are the major organelles in the rods and cones?

A

In the inner segment

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41
Q

True or False There are photoreceptors at the optic disc

A

False blind spot rmr

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42
Q

The ______ ______ has the highest concentration of cones and the sharpest visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

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43
Q

This is the area that supports the fovea centralis

A

Macula lutea

44
Q

Define a visual field

A

the area that a person is able to see when both eyes are fixed at one position light passes from the object through the pupil and creates a retinal field

45
Q

Where is the object of attention focused in the visual field?

A

Fovea centralis and macula lutea

46
Q

Where does the optic disc lie in relation to the macula?

A

Medially

47
Q

What are the two zones that are in the visual field?

A

Binocular zone and the monocular zone

48
Q

Describe the image that is formed on the retina from the corresponding visual field

A

The image is inverted in both lateral and vertical dimensions

49
Q

This half of the visual field forms an image on the nasal half of the LEFT retina and the temporal half of the right

A

Left

50
Q

This half of the visual field forms and image on the temporal half of the LEFT retina and the nasal half of the RIGHT

A

Right half of the visual field

51
Q

Where is the right visual field going to hit? (which sides of the eyes)

A

On the left most sides of both of the eyes SO on the temporal part of the left eye and the nasal part of the right eye

52
Q

Where is the left visual field going to hit? (which sides of the eyes)

A

On the right most sides of the eyes, so the temporal part of the right eye and the nasal part of the left eye

53
Q

What travels to the left lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

The left most things; so the left temporal area and the right nasal area

54
Q

What travels to the right lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

The right most things; so the right temporal area and the left nasal area

55
Q

Describe the pathway that an image takes from the right visual field to the cortex

A

The image from the right visual field is projected onto the left temporal hemiretina and the right nasal hemiretina and then travels to the left lateral geniculate nucleus, down the left optic radiation, and into the visual cortex that is located in the occipital lobe

56
Q

The ______ half of each retina decussate in the optic chiasm

A

nasal

57
Q

The optic tract has fibers from the (IPSILATERAL/CONTRALATERAL) temporal fibers and (IPSILATERAL.CONTRALATERAL) nasal fibers

A

Ipsilateral temporal fibers and contralateral nasal fibers because they are the ones that cross in the chiasm

58
Q

Why is the decussation of the retinal information important? Why does our brain want to have information from both retinas in the processing?

A

SO that there is depth perception and so that the brain is able to better understand the body’s location in space

59
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?

A

Thalamus

60
Q

Secondary neurons from the LGN extend a large bundle of myelinated fibers called _____ _______

A

optic radiations

61
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

On the upper and lower banks of the calcimine sulcus

62
Q

Fibers from the _______ ________ of the contralateral hemifields target the superior bank and the calcimine sulcus on the cuneus

A

Lower quadrant

63
Q

Fibers from the _______ ______ of the contra lateral hemifields arch rostrally into the temporal lobe and form the Meyer loop. They target the inferior bank of the calcimine sulcus on the lingual gyrus

A

Upper quadrant

64
Q

Fibers with information from the ______ and ______ originate from eh central regions of the LGN and mass to caudal portions of the visual cortex

A

macula and fovea

65
Q

The ______ is representing most posteriorly in the region of the occipital pole

A

macula

66
Q

Upper halves of the visual field form images on the _____ halves of the retina

A

Lower and vice versa

67
Q

Where do the fibers that represent the inferior portion of the visual field travel?

A

Course superiorly to terminate in the visual cortex above the calcimine sulcus

68
Q

Where do the fibers that represent the superior part of the visual field travel?

A

Through meyers loop which is in the temporal lobe and terminate below the calcimine sulcus

69
Q

Describe what it means to have vertical and lateral inversion of the projection of the retinal field in the visual cortex. (Use the left upper quadrant as an example)

A

The left upper quadrant will be projected in the right lower quadrant following the vertical and lateral inversions

70
Q

Define hemianopia

A

blindness in one half of the visual field

71
Q

Define quadrantanopia

A

blindness of a quadrant of the visual field

72
Q

What are homonymous visual fields?

A

conditions on the visual field losses are similar in both eyes

73
Q

What are heteronymous visual losses

A

conditions in which the two eyes have non-overlapping field losses

74
Q

What is macular sparing

A

visual field loss that preserves the vision in the venter of the visual field

75
Q

A deficit is ________ when the visual field loss of one eye can be superimposed on that of the other eye (symmetrical)

A

congruous

76
Q

True or false The close that a lesion is to the visual field the more incongruent is is likely to be

A

FALSE The more close that a lesion is to the visual field the more CONGRUENT it is likely to be

77
Q

If there is damage that is anterior to the chiasm, describe the loss

A

affects the IPSILATERAL eye

78
Q

If there is damage at the chiasm, describe the loss

A

causes heteronymous deficits left temporal and right temporal

79
Q

If there is damage behind the chiasm, describe the loss of vision

A

causes homonymous deficits: left temporal and right nasal

80
Q

If there is a lesion at A, what is going to happen?

A

unilateral hemianopia on the temporal right eye

81
Q

If there was a lesion at B what would happen?

A

Total loss of vision in the right eye

82
Q

If there was a lesion at C what would happen?

A

non-homonymous bitemporal heminopia

83
Q

If there was a lesion at D what would happen?

A

Contralateral (left) homonymous heminopia

84
Q

If there was a lesion at E, what would happen?

A

Contralateral superior quadranopia: remember that the information that is carrying the superior portion of the image will swoop down into Meyers loop, which is what youre seeing at the site of the lesion

85
Q

If there was a lesion at F what would happen?

A

Contralateral inferior quadranopia

86
Q

If there were a lesion at G, what would occur?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

87
Q

If there were a lesion at H, what would happen?

A

Contrallateral homonymous hemianopia

88
Q

If there was a lesion in the upper bank of the calcarine fissure, what visual deficits would we expect to see?

A

Contralateral inferior quadranopia

89
Q

If the posterior cerebral artery is occluded, what visual deficits would be expected?

A

left hemonymous hemianopia

90
Q

If there were a lesion in the lower bank of the calcarine fissure, J, what would be expected to be the visual deficit?

A

Contralateral superior quadranopia

91
Q

What are some acute reasons for lesions of the optic tract?

A

Infarcts or a CVA (stroke_

92
Q

What are some chronic reasons for lesions in the visual tract?

A

Mass effect from tumors

93
Q

What are causes of lesion in the optic nerve? What kind of deficit does this cause?

A

Inflammation, ischemia, and trauma can cause this

complete or partial unilateral vision loss

94
Q

What are causes of lesion in the optic chiasm? What kind of deficit does this cause?

A

Neoplasms, trauma, inflammation, demyelination

can cause bitemporal hemianopia

95
Q

What are causes of lesion in the optic tract? What kind of deficit does this cause?

A

Caused by: neoplasms, inflammation, ischemia, hemorrhagic infarcts, trauma, vascular malformations

96
Q

If there is a temporal optic radiation lesion, what is the characteristic deficit?

A

Superior quadrantanopia

97
Q

If there is a parietal optic radiation lesion, what is the characteristic deficit?

A

Inferior quadrantanopia

98
Q

If there is a lesion in the occipital cortex, what are some of the causes of this and what is the characteristic deficit?

A

This can be caused by neoplasms, ischemia, hemmorhage, inflammation, infections, and trauma

99
Q

The ________ cells form the dillator pupillae muscle

A

myoepithelial

100
Q

The lens is covered on its anterior side by the _____ _____ and surrounded by a thick aceullar layer called the ______ ______

A

lens epithelium

lens capsule

101
Q

What suspends the lens behind the iris and the pupil?

A

the ciliary zonule of the fibrilin fibers

102
Q

What forms the ciliary zonule?

A

The epithelial cellst that are covering the ciliary body

103
Q

Cells of the ______ _______ absord scattered light, form some of the blood retina barrier, and regenerate 11-cis retinal, phagocytose shed discs from rods, and support the rods and cones

A

pigmented epithelium

104
Q

What do rod cells detect?

Cones

A

Light

color

105
Q

Rods have stacked membrane discs that are densely packed with ______ and bound with ______

A

rhodopsin

retinal

106
Q

Review slide 48, he starts using abbreviated letters and I dont get it. K thanks bye

A

Review 5 minutes

NE Exam 2 (24 decks)

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