Visual tracts and histo Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
This functions to protect the eye
A
eyelid
2
Q
The ______ ______ are special sebaceous glands. Secretion slows the evaporation of tears
A
Tarsal glands
3
Q
What is the cause of a chalazion?
A
Inflammation of the tarsal gland
4
Q
This is what gets infected when you have a sty
A
The Sebaceous (Zeis) gland
5
Q
The _____ _____ produces tears, and is made up of tubuloacinar serous glands below the upper lid
A
Lacrimal gland
6
Q
These line the space between the inner eyelid and ends lateral to the cornea
A
Palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
7
Q
This chamber of the eye is between the cornea and the iris
A
Anterior chamber
8
Q
This chamber of the eye is between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens
A
posterior chamber
9
Q
This chamber of the eye is between the posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina
A
Vitreous chamber filled with vitreous humor, which is 99% water and proteins and hyaluronan
10
Q
The ______ supports the eye shape, protects the delicate internal eye structures, and is the site for the EXTRINSIC muscles of the eye
A
Sclera
11
Q
What is the tissue type found in the sclera?
A
Dense irregular connective tissue
12
Q
The _____ protects the anterior surface of the eye and refracts incoming light
A
Cornea
13
Q
This is characterized by two layers of epithelium with a layer of connective tissue in between
A
Cornea
14
Q
What are the components of the fibrous layer of the eye?
A
Cornea and the Sclera
15
Q
What is the function of the vascular tunic layer of the eye and what are its components?
A
Keeping things alive Choroid Ciliary body Iris
16
Q
What is the portion of the vascular tunic that is highly vascularized?
A
Choroid
17
Q
The ______ is what supplies nourishment to the retina
A
Choroid
18
Q
This holds the suspensory ligament that attach to the lens and secretes aqueous humor
A
Ciliary body
19
Q
What is the function of the iris?
A
To control the pupil diameter and the amount of light that enters the eye
20
Q
This layer of the retina absorbs extraneous light and provides vitamin A to the photoreceptor cells
A
Pigmented layer
21
Q
The _____ _______ detects incoming light rays and converts the nerve signals and transmitted to the brain
A
neural layer
22
Q
List the 5 layers of the cornea
A
- Corneal epithelium 2. Bowmans membrane 3. Corneal stroma 4. Descemet membrane 5. Corneal endothelium
23
Q
This is the inner vascular layer and is Bruch’s membrane
A
Choroid
24
Q
What is the muscle that is in charge of accommodation of the eye
A
Ciliary muscle
25
Describe the process of accommodation
1. Adjustments of the eye ciliary muscle 2. eye flattens and thickens 3. tension in the ciliary body 4. zonular fibers transmit the signal of tension to the lens 5. lens changes shape
26
What are the three components of the lens
1. capsule 2. Subcapsular 3. Lens fibers
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the loss of elasticity of the lens that is common with age
Presbyopia
28
The ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ is a layer of simple cuboidal epithelial cells that rest on Bruch's membrane of the choroid It serves as the blood neutral retinal barrier
Retinal pigmented layer
29
The ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is where the rods and cones lie
Neural retina
30
This is the area where the optic nerves from the ganglion layer exit the eye and cause a blind spot
Optic disc
31
The _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ is the apical boundary of the Muller cells
Outer limiting membrane
32
What is the innermost part of the retinal epithelium?
Retinal pigment epithelium
33
Where are the cell bodies of the photoreceptor cells?
In the outer nuclear layer
34
Where do the photoreceptors and non-photoreceptor cells connect?
Outer plexiform layer
35
Where are the processes of the interconnecting ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells?
Inner plexiform layer
36
Where are the processes of the optic nerve fibers?
In the processes of the ganglion cells
37
What are the 3 main aspects of the general structure of the rods and cones?
Outer segment Connecting stalk Inner segment
38
Which portion of the rods and cones are the photosenstive parts with a series of plasma membrane discs that are connected to the inner segment via the modified cilium
outer segment
39
The _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a portion of the rods and cones that contains the basal body of the cilium
Connecting stalk
40
Where are the major organelles in the rods and cones?
In the inner segment
41
True or False There are photoreceptors at the optic disc
False blind spot rmr
42
The ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ has the highest concentration of cones and the sharpest visual acuity
Fovea centralis
43
This is the area that supports the fovea centralis
Macula lutea
44
Define a visual field
the area that a person is able to see when both eyes are fixed at one position light passes from the object through the pupil and creates a retinal field
45
Where is the object of attention focused in the visual field?
Fovea centralis and macula lutea
46
Where does the optic disc lie in relation to the macula?
Medially
47
What are the two zones that are in the visual field?
Binocular zone and the monocular zone
48
Describe the image that is formed on the retina from the corresponding visual field
The image is inverted in both lateral and vertical dimensions
49
This half of the visual field forms an image on the nasal half of the LEFT retina and the temporal half of the right
Left
50
This half of the visual field forms and image on the temporal half of the LEFT retina and the nasal half of the RIGHT
Right half of the visual field
51
Where is the right visual field going to hit? (which sides of the eyes)
On the left most sides of both of the eyes SO on the temporal part of the left eye and the nasal part of the right eye
52
Where is the left visual field going to hit? (which sides of the eyes)
On the right most sides of the eyes, so the temporal part of the right eye and the nasal part of the left eye
53
What travels to the left lateral geniculate nucleus?
The left most things; so the left temporal area and the right nasal area
54
What travels to the right lateral geniculate nucleus?
The right most things; so the right temporal area and the left nasal area
55
Describe the pathway that an image takes from the right visual field to the cortex
The image from the right visual field is projected onto the left temporal hemiretina and the right nasal hemiretina and then travels to the left lateral geniculate nucleus, down the left optic radiation, and into the visual cortex that is located in the occipital lobe
56
The ______ half of each retina decussate in the optic chiasm
nasal
57
The optic tract has fibers from the (IPSILATERAL/CONTRALATERAL) temporal fibers and (IPSILATERAL.CONTRALATERAL) nasal fibers
Ipsilateral temporal fibers and contralateral nasal fibers because they are the ones that cross in the chiasm
58
Why is the decussation of the retinal information important? Why does our brain want to have information from both retinas in the processing?
SO that there is depth perception and so that the brain is able to better understand the body's location in space
59
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?
Thalamus
60
Secondary neurons from the LGN extend a large bundle of myelinated fibers called _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
optic radiations
61
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
On the upper and lower banks of the calcimine sulcus
62
Fibers from the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the contralateral hemifields target the superior bank and the calcimine sulcus on the cuneus
Lower quadrant
63
Fibers from the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the contra lateral hemifields arch rostrally into the temporal lobe and form the Meyer loop. They target the inferior bank of the calcimine sulcus on the lingual gyrus
Upper quadrant
64
Fibers with information from the ______ and ______ originate from eh central regions of the LGN and mass to caudal portions of the visual cortex
macula and fovea
65
The ______ is representing most posteriorly in the region of the occipital pole
macula
66
Upper halves of the visual field form images on the _____ halves of the retina
Lower and vice versa
67
Where do the fibers that represent the inferior portion of the visual field travel?
Course superiorly to terminate in the visual cortex above the calcimine sulcus
68
Where do the fibers that represent the superior part of the visual field travel?
Through meyers loop which is in the temporal lobe and terminate below the calcimine sulcus
69
Describe what it means to have vertical and lateral inversion of the projection of the retinal field in the visual cortex. (Use the left upper quadrant as an example)
The left upper quadrant will be projected in the right lower quadrant following the vertical and lateral inversions
70
Define hemianopia
blindness in one half of the visual field
71
Define quadrantanopia
blindness of a quadrant of the visual field
72
What are homonymous visual fields?
conditions on the visual field losses are similar in both eyes
73
What are heteronymous visual losses
conditions in which the two eyes have non-overlapping field losses
74
What is macular sparing
visual field loss that preserves the vision in the venter of the visual field
75
A deficit is ________ when the visual field loss of one eye can be superimposed on that of the other eye (symmetrical)
congruous
76
True or false The close that a lesion is to the visual field the more incongruent is is likely to be
FALSE The more close that a lesion is to the visual field the more CONGRUENT it is likely to be
77
If there is damage that is anterior to the chiasm, describe the loss
affects the IPSILATERAL eye
78
If there is damage at the chiasm, describe the loss
causes heteronymous deficits left temporal and right temporal
79
If there is damage behind the chiasm, describe the loss of vision
causes homonymous deficits: left temporal and right nasal
80
If there is a lesion at A, what is going to happen?
unilateral hemianopia on the temporal right eye
81
If there was a lesion at B what would happen?
Total loss of vision in the right eye
82
If there was a lesion at C what would happen?
non-homonymous bitemporal heminopia
83
If there was a lesion at D what would happen?
Contralateral (left) homonymous heminopia
84
If there was a lesion at E, what would happen?
Contralateral superior quadranopia: remember that the information that is carrying the superior portion of the image will swoop down into Meyers loop, which is what youre seeing at the site of the lesion
85
If there was a lesion at F what would happen?
Contralateral inferior quadranopia
86
If there were a lesion at G, what would occur?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
87
If there were a lesion at H, what would happen?
Contrallateral homonymous hemianopia
88
If there was a lesion in the upper bank of the calcarine fissure, what visual deficits would we expect to see?
Contralateral inferior quadranopia
89
If the posterior cerebral artery is occluded, what visual deficits would be expected?
left hemonymous hemianopia
90
If there were a lesion in the lower bank of the calcarine fissure, J, what would be expected to be the visual deficit?
Contralateral superior quadranopia
91
What are some acute reasons for lesions of the optic tract?
Infarcts or a CVA (stroke\_
92
What are some chronic reasons for lesions in the visual tract?
Mass effect from tumors
93
What are causes of lesion in the optic nerve? What kind of deficit does this cause?
Inflammation, ischemia, and trauma can cause this
complete or partial unilateral vision loss
94
What are causes of lesion in the optic chiasm? What kind of deficit does this cause?
Neoplasms, trauma, inflammation, demyelination
can cause bitemporal hemianopia
95
What are causes of lesion in the optic tract? What kind of deficit does this cause?
Caused by: neoplasms, inflammation, ischemia, hemorrhagic infarcts, trauma, vascular malformations
96
If there is a temporal optic radiation lesion, what is the characteristic deficit?
Superior quadrantanopia
97
If there is a parietal optic radiation lesion, what is the characteristic deficit?
Inferior quadrantanopia
98
If there is a lesion in the occipital cortex, what are some of the causes of this and what is the characteristic deficit?
This can be caused by neoplasms, ischemia, hemmorhage, inflammation, infections, and trauma
99
The ________ cells form the dillator pupillae muscle
myoepithelial
100
The lens is covered on its anterior side by the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ and surrounded by a thick aceullar layer called the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
lens epithelium
lens capsule
101
What suspends the lens behind the iris and the pupil?
the ciliary zonule of the fibrilin fibers
102
What forms the ciliary zonule?
The epithelial cellst that are covering the ciliary body
103
Cells of the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ absord scattered light, form some of the blood retina barrier, and regenerate 11-cis retinal, phagocytose shed discs from rods, and support the rods and cones
pigmented epithelium
104
What do rod cells detect?
Cones
Light
color
105
Rods have stacked membrane discs that are densely packed with ______ and bound with \_\_\_\_\_\_
rhodopsin
retinal
106
Review slide 48, he starts using abbreviated letters and I dont get it. K thanks bye
Review 5 minutes
