vital signs

Question 1

the act or process of breathing : the inhaling of oxygen and the exhaling
of carbon dioxide;

Answer 1

RESPIRATION

Question 2

the process by which cells use oxygen to break down sugar and obtain
energy respiration

Answer 2

RESPIRATION

Question 3

takes place in the lungs where CO2 is eliminated and oxygen is absorbed
by the blood.

Answer 3

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION OR PULMONARY RESPIRATION

Question 4

contractions of the diaphragm and
external inter-costal muscles
enlarge the chest cavity, and
create a partial vacuum

Answer 4

Inspiration (Breathing-in Process)

Question 5

relaxation of the diaphragm and
external inter-costal muscles
decreases the size of the chest
cavity and forces air out of the lungs

Answer 5

Expiration (Breathing-out Process)

Question 6

takes place between the blood and the tissues and involves
oxygenation of cells for heat production and liberation of water waste
products.

Answer 6

INTERNAL RESPIRATION OR CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 7

FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATION

Answer 7

a. emotional state
b. drugs
c. exercise
d. diseases
e. change in altitudes
f. exposure to extremes of temperature
g. mechanical interference
h. ingestion of food

Question 8

• Number of respirations per minute
• Can be described as normal, rapid or slow

Answer 8

RESPIRATORY RATE

Question 9

Normal Rate of Breathing:
Adult -___ times/min.
Infants & young children - ____ times/min.
Older children - ___ times/min.

Answer 9

15 to 20, 30 to 40, 20 to 25

Question 10

respiratory rate of below 12

Answer 10

BRADYPNEA

Question 11

respiratory rate of above 40

Answer 11

TACHYPNEA

Question 12

absence of breathing for longer than 19 sec

Answer 12

APNEA

Question 13

normal breathing

Answer 13

EUPNEA

Question 14

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled
- described as either shallow or deep
- shallow respirations with a rapid rate occur in some disease conditions
such as high fever, shock and severe pain.

Answer 14

RESPIRATORY DEPTH

Question 15

inspired air is way above 500 cc.

Answer 15

Deep respiration

Question 16

inspired air is less than 500 cc.

Answer 16

Shallow respiration

Question 17

refers to deep rapid respirations

Answer 17

HYPERVENTILATION

Question 18

– refers to shallow respirations

Answer 18

HYPOVENTILATION

Question 19

bluish discolorations of the skin and nail beds
- when a patient is unable to take in enough oxygen during
inhalation and due to increase of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 19

CYANOSIS

Question 20

• refers to breathing patterns that differ from normal effortless breathing
• labored breathing refers to respirations that require greater effort from
  the patient

Answer 20

RESPIRATORY QUALITY OR CHARACTER

Question 21

difficulty in breathing

Answer 21

DYSPNEA

Question 22

increased rate of respiration

Answer 22

POLYPNEA

Question 23

fast, shallow breathing

Answer 23

TACHYPNEA

Question 24

respiration with increased in both rate and depth

Answer 24

HYPERPNEA

Question 25

breathing is increased in both rate and depth

Answer 25

HYPERVENTILATION

Question 26

breathing characterized by periods of hyperpnea, alternating with periods of apnea

Answer 26

CHEYNE-STOKE RESPIRATION

Question 27

cessation of breathing

Answer 27

APNEA

Question 28

breathing punctuated by frequent sighs

Answer 28

SIGHING RESPIRATION

Question 29

noisy breathing

Answer 29

STERTOROUS

Question 30

very deep and only slightly rapid, usually accompanied by sighs

Answer 30

KUSSMAUL BREATHING

Question 31

refers to the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of arterial vessels, specifically in most cases, the brachial artery.

Answer 31

BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 32

(highest point of pressure) - induced by the contraction of the left ventricle

Answer 32

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE

Question 33

( lowest point of pressure) - corresponds to the drop of arterial pressure occurring during the relaxation of the ventricles

Answer 33

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

Question 34

normal ranges of bp are less than ___ for systolic and less than ___ for diastolic

Answer 34

120, 80

Question 35

the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole - influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, each of which is influenced by several variables

Answer 35

MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE(MAP)

Question 36

the difference between your systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Answer 36

PULSE PRESSURE

Question 37

A pulse pressure that is greater than ____ mm Hg or less than ___ mm Hg is considered to be abnormal

Answer 37

50, 30

Question 38

Extremes of PP can result in

Answer 38

stroke or shock

Question 39

- the volume of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles, and is usually measured in liters per minute (L/min) - can be calculated by the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate

Answer 39

Cardiac Output

Question 40

refers to compliance, which is the ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content

Answer 40

Peripheral Vascular Resistance

Question 41

the amount of blood moving through the body

Answer 41

Volume of Circulating Blood

Question 42

- a measure of the blood’s thickness and is influenced by the presence of plasma proteins and formed elements in the blood.

Answer 42

Viscosity of Blood

Question 43

refers to the capacity to resume its normal shape after stretching and compressing - vessels larger than 10 mm in diameter are typically elastic

Answer 43

Elasticity of Vessel Walls

Question 44

the instrument used for measuring the pressure the blood exerts against the walls of the artery

Answer 44

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

Question 45

not as widely used as the aneroid version - mercury is a toxic substance and these sphygmomanometer are being replaced for safety reasons - contain a column of mercury that rises as the pressure bulb is pressed and the rubber bladder inflated

Answer 45

Mercury Sphygmomanometer

Question 46

- a calibrated scale runs down both sides of the mercury column - the reading is taken at eye level at the top of the mercury line next to a calibrated scale - must be placed vertically on the wall or on a flat, level surface so that the mercury will rise in a vertical position - periodic calibration is necessary to maintain accuracy

Answer 46

Mercury Sphygmomanometer

Question 47

has a round dial that contains a scale calibrated in millimeters (mm) and a needle to register the reading - the needle must be at zero before starting the procedure - should be recalibrated for accuracy every year - portable

Answer 47

Aneroid sphygmomanometer

Question 48

- relatively inexpensive and easy to use - provides a digital readout on a lighted display, and does not require a stethoscope

Answer 48

Electronic sphygmomanometer

Question 49

used to measure and indicate pressure

Answer 49

Gauge

Question 50

with inflatable bladder- contains airtight, flat, rubber bladder covered with unyielding cloth

Answer 50

cuff

Question 51

with pressure release valve

Answer 51

pumping bulb

Question 52

a gadget that transmits and magnifies the sound obtaining in the body.

Answer 52

stethoscope

Question 53

the small tips on the ends of the ear tubes that fit into your ears. - some stethoscopes may have a choice of hard plastic or soft

Answer 53

Earpieces

Question 54

hollow metal tubes that connect to the acoustic tubes on one end and the earpieces on the other

Answer 54

Ear tube

Question 55

the soft flexible line of the stethoscope - the purpose is to maintain and transfer the frequency/sound level that is captured by the diaphragm or bell and send it to the ear tubes where it can make its way to the users ears - .depending on the stethoscopes make and model the tubing may be made with a single tube or dual lumen tube design that connects to the metal/steel ear tubes.

Answer 55

Tubing

Question 56

- the combined components of the upper half of the stethoscope which include the ear tubes, tension springs and earpieces - allows sound to flow efficiently into the ear canal so that their is minimal disturbance from the stethoscope.

Answer 56

Headset

Question 57

basically the metal /steel part of the stethoscope that connects the stethoscopes tubing to the chest piece - aside from connecting the two components of the stethoscope it also allows the user to switch / click between the chest pieces diaphragm and bell by turning the chest piece and clicking it into place via the ball bearing.

Answer 57

stem

Question 58

composed of the connected stem, diaphragm and/or bell - depending on the stethoscope it may feature either a single-head or dual head design that may or may not contain a lower-frequency bell

Answer 58

Chest piece (head of the stethoscope)

Question 59

the large circular end of the chest-piece - allows medical professionals to listen to a wider area of the patients body and picks up higher frequency sounds than the bell half of the chest-piece

Answer 59

Diaphragm

Question 60

the smaller circular end of the chest-piece - focuses on a narrower range listens for lower-frequency sounds that may not easily be detected by the diaphragm

Answer 60

bell

Question 61

the sounds of blood flow through the artery as you are listening to blood pressure

Answer 61

KOROTKOFF SOUNDS