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FREC 4 > Vital Signs - Week 1 Pulse/Heart Rate > Flashcards

Vital Signs - Week 1 Pulse/Heart Rate Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What’s the membrane around the heart?

A

Pericardium

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3
Q

What are the surperior chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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4
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart also called?

A

Ventricles

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5
Q

Where is the blood from, that enters the right atrium

A

Receives blood that is returns from other parts of the body - deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

Superior vena cava brings blood into the heart from where?

A

Carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities into the right atrium of the heart

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7
Q

Inferior, vena cava brings blood into the body from where?

A

Carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities into the right atrium of the heart

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8
Q

Coronary sinus does what and supplies what?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from supplying the heart itself into the right atrium

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9
Q

After blood enters, the right atrium, what is the next chamber it goes into?

A

The right ventricle

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10
Q

Right ventricle does what?

A

It contracts and pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

A

Supplies the lungs with blood. As the blood passes through the lungs, it becomes oxygenated.

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12
Q

Pulmonary veins, do what?

A

Carry oxygenated blood back from the lungs into the left atrium

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13
Q

Where does the blood go after the left atrium?

A

The left ventricle

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14
Q

What is the aorta the start of?

A

Systemic circulation

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15
Q

What is supplied by systemic circulation?

A

All tissue and organs in the body

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16
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart through the aorta

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17
Q

What are the 2 units of the heart called?

A

Atrial Syncytium and ventricular syncytium. They act separately.

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18
Q

What system creates electrical signal in the wall of the heart to cause it to pump?

A

Cardiac conduction system

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19
Q

What is the start of the cardiac conduction system?

A

SinoAtrial (SA) Node

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20
Q

Where is SA node located?

A

In the right atrium

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21
Q

What gives the atrial syncytium the signal to contract?

A

SA node

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22
Q

How does the electrical pulse pass from the atrial syncytium to the ventricular syncytium?

A

Via Atrioventricular (AV) Node

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23
Q

What does the AV node do to the electrical signal?

A

AV Node delays the electrical pulse to ensure the atria syncytium contracts prior to the ventricular syncytium

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24
Q

AV bundles are the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles & coordinate the contractions. Where would you find it?

A

Interventricular septum. It splits into the 2 main branches down to the apex of the heart

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25
Q

What is sit at the bottom of the bundle branches?

A

Purkinje fibres - that extend around the ventricles and cause it to contract

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26
Q

How many electrodes are needed for a 12 lead ECG?

A

10

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27
Q

As there is an excitation of cells within the heart, this creates a spike in electrical activity which is called…?
As it returns back to its resting point is called…?

A

Depolarisation (+) and repolarisation (-)

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28
Q

To get an output of lead 2 what electrodes do you need to put on?

A

2 upper limb leads and 2 lower limb leads

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29
Q

What does lead 2 show?

A

A heart rate rhythm

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30
Q

What is the first wave on an ECG read out called?

A

P wave

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31
Q

What is a P wave showing?

A

Atrial depolarisation, initiated by the SA node

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32
Q

What is the next wave complex, called in an ECG, after the P-wave?

A

QRS Complex

33
Q

What does the QRS complex show?

A

Ventricular depolarisation begins at the apex, causing the QRS complex.
Atrial repolarisation occurs hidden behind the depolarising wave.
The reason the QRS complex looks complex is because it’s showing the depolarisation of the interventricular sternum, as well as the angles of the ventricle walls

34
Q

What comes after the QRS complex in an ECG?

A

The T wave

35
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation begins at Apex, causing the T wave

36
Q

Why can’t we see atrial repolarisation?

A

Atrial repolarisation is lost behind the ventricular depolarisation, as this is a stronger signal, therefore over powers the signal of the atrial repolarisation

37
Q

What are the flat lines called in between waveforms?

A

Isoelectric lines

38
Q

What does the isoelectric line show between the P-wave and QRS complex?

A

This shows the delay at the AV node

39
Q

What is happening at the isoelectric line between the QRS complex and the T-wave?

A

No new electrical activity as we wait for the ventricles to repolarise

40
Q

How many heart valves are there?

A
  1. 2 pairs
41
Q

What are the different types of heart valves?

A

AV Valves and Semilunar (SL) valves

42
Q

Where does the right AV valve sit?

A

Inbetween the right atrium and the right ventricle

43
Q

What is smooth layer surrounding the heart valves called? And what is it’s purpose?

A

Endocardium & to enable blood to flow easily over it

44
Q

Right AV valve is also know as what and why?

A

Tricuspid valve, because it has 3 cusps of tissue

45
Q

The left AV valve is also know as what? And why?

A

The mitral valve (bicuspid) because it has 2 cusps of tissue

46
Q

What is the purpose of the AV valves?

A

Stops blood from flowing from the ventricle into the atrium (backwards)

47
Q

How do AV valves work?

A

When the pressure in the ventricle becomes higher than the atrium, due to compressing, the cusps of tissue snap shut.

48
Q

What stops the AV valves pulling through into the atrium?

A

Chordae tendineae which attach into the papillary muscles

49
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

50
Q

What is the semilunar valve at the pulmonary trunk also known as?

A

Pulmonic valve

51
Q

What is the semilunar valve at the aorta known as?

A

Aortic valve

52
Q

What makes the semilunar valves open?

A

When the ventricles contracts and pressure increases they will open as the ventricle has a higher pressure than the pulmonary trunk or aorta

53
Q

When the heart is relaxed which valves are open and which are closed?

A

Semi lunar valves are closed.
Av valves are open

54
Q

During ventricle contraction what valve change you expect to see?

A

AV valves close as pressure in ventricle is higher than atria
SL valve opens as pressure in the ventricle continues to increase it will get higher than the pulmonary trunk or aorta

55
Q

When the ventricle relaxes what happens to the heart valves?

A

SL valves close
AV valves open

56
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located in the body?

A

Between the 5th and 6th ribs

57
Q

The act of listening to sounds arise within the body organs, usually with a stethoscope is called…?

A

Auscultation

58
Q

What is the contraction of the heart called?

A

Systole

59
Q

What’s the relaxation phase of the heart called?

A

Diastole

60
Q

Where is the carotid?

A

In the neck

61
Q

Where is the brachial artery?

A

In the elbow

62
Q

Where is the radial artery?

A

In the wrist

63
Q

Where is the femoral artery?

A

In the inner leg/groin

64
Q

Where is the dorsallis pedis artery?

A

Top of the foot

65
Q

Where is the posterior tibial artery?

A

On the outer side of the ankle

66
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Volume of blood ejected from a ventricle per minute

67
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood that is ejected during a single heart beat

68
Q

When is the highest volume of blood in the left side of the heart?

A

End of diastole (EDV end diastolic volume)

69
Q

When do the lowest volume of blood in the left side of the heart?

A

End systolic volume (dESV)

70
Q

SV = X - Y

A

SV = EDV - ESV

71
Q

Cardiac output = X x Y

A

Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

72
Q

What is a cardiac output regulated by?

A

Autonomic nervous system

73
Q

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

74
Q

Sympathetic nervous system engages what?

A

Cause the SA node to depolarise more quickly
Shorted delay in impulse transition at the AV node
Therefore increasing heart rate

75
Q

Tachycardia is the heart rate above what value?

A

100

76
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system does what?

A

Slows the SA nodes rate of self excitation. Reducing heart rate

77
Q

Bradycardia is below what value?

A

60

78
Q

Name all valves and their locations

A

tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

FREC 4 (4 decks)

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