VITAMINS

Question 1

are a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts for different physiological functions

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

vitamin a related compound

Answer 2

retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), and retinoic
acid (acid form)

Question 3

This vitamin was discovered by M. Mori in 1922 as a “fat-soluble factor” present in butter and fish oil, and he named it A

Answer 3

Vitamin A

Question 4

is the biologically active form of vitamin A.

Answer 4

Retinol

Question 5

is light sensitive and enables the eye to adapt to changes in light intensity

Answer 5

Rhodopsin

Question 6

two forms of carotenoids

Answer 6

Carotenes and Xanthophylls.

Question 7

are pigments present in plant cells (> 600 types) that provide the deep orange/yellow color of plant foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins.

Answer 7

Carotenoids

Question 8

In the rods of the retina, retinal combines with a protein called opsin to form _________

Answer 8

Rhodopsin (also called visual purple)

Question 9

is a condition in humans and animals that is caused by vitamin A deficiency; it leads to dryness and irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye and results in cloudiness and infection.

Answer 9

Xerophthalmia

Question 10

in the diet can be provided as a vitamin or through its precursor carotenoids present in plants

Answer 10

Vitamin A

Question 11

is required in the diet of all animals.

Answer 11

Vitamin A

Question 12

Upon reaching the microvilli, they are transferred to mucosal cells, where they are reesterified and are incorporated into the chylomicrons and transported to the lymph for storage in the liver as _____________

Answer 12

retinyl esters

Question 13

present in plants (xanthophylls) do not have vitamin activity and are involved in providing color pigments

Answer 13

Carotenoids

Question 14

is also needed for normal skeletal and tooth development and reproductive processes.

Answer 14

Vitamin A

Question 15

________’s role in bone growth is related to its involvement in bone cell (osteoclast and osteoblast) division and maintenance of cell membranes.

Answer 15

Vitamin A

Question 16

_________ and carotenoids can function as antioxidants thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress and are also involved in modulating cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in animals.

Answer 16

Vitamin A

Question 17

The two major forms of vitamin D are

Answer 17

ergocalciferol (vitamin D2, activated plant form) and cholecalciferol (D3, activated animal form)

Question 18

In the body, vitamin D3 is synthesized from cholesterol when it is converted to _____________________ in the skin upon
exposure to ultraviolet irradiation

Answer 18

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 19

To become active, it is transported from the skin to the liver, where it is hydroxylated
to form _________________.

Answer 19

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 20

This compound is transported through the blood to the kidneys, where it is further hydroxylated to form ___________________, also called calcitriol, which is the most metabolically active form of vitamin D.

Answer 20

1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 21

Under a condition of _________________ (low blood Ca
level), ______________________ stimulate Ca absorption (from gut) and resorption (from bone and kidney tubules) indirectly by stimulating the production of vitamin D.

Answer 21

hypocalcemia

parathyroid hormones (PTH)

Question 22

proteins are needed for proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gut

Answer 22

Calcium-binding

Question 23

A deficiency of vitamin D leads to impaired bone mineralization and abnormal skeletal development and results in a condition called _________ in young animals and ________________ in growing animals

Answer 23

Rickets

osteomalacia

Question 24

is a term that is used to describe a group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and
tocotrienols.

Answer 24

Vitamin E

Question 25

is the most active biological form of vitamin E

Answer 25

α-tocopherol

Question 26

Gastrointestinal bacterial can provide the needed vitamin K to most animals either through absorption from the hindgut or through ____________(eating feces)

Answer 26

coprophagy

Question 27

crazy chick disease

Answer 27

encephalomalacia

Question 28

in the body is to serve as a biological chain-breaking antioxidant and to protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage induced by free radicals and other lipid oxidation products.

Answer 28

Vitamin E

Question 29

in chickens is caused by leaky capillaries in the breast muscle.

Answer 29

Exudative diathesis

Question 30

prevents the oxidation of lipids by serving as a free radical scavenger and donates electrons from the hydroxyl group of the molecule

Answer 30

Vitamin E

Question 31

causes damage to unsaturated lipids in cell membranes resulting in the disruption of the structural membrane and cell integrity.

Answer 31

Lipid peroxidation

Question 32

disease is caused by the degeneration of skeletal and heart muscle fiber, which leads to rapid death due to heart failure.

Answer 32

White muscle

Question 33

Vitamin K1 is found in green plants (______________) and vitamin K2 (_____________) is synthesized by hindgut bacteria.

Answer 33

phylloquinones menaquinones

Question 34

metabolically active form of vitamin K is ___________________

Answer 34

menaquinones

Question 35

converts vitamin K1 and K3 to K2 before it is used

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

(vitamin K3, synthetic form) is the most common version of vitamin K that is included in animal diets.

Answer 36

Menadione

Question 37

a blood-clotting protein

Answer 37

prothrombin

Question 38

Certain coccidiostats containing ___________ can cause vitamin K deficiency as are an antagonist of vitamin

Answer 38

sulfa drug

Question 39

can cause vitamin K deficiency as sulfa drugs are an antagonist of vitamin K. Mold growing on weather-damaged sweet clover hay or silage contains _______________, which is very similar to vitamin K in structure.

Answer 39

Dicoumarol

Question 40

is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K.

Answer 40

Dicoumarol

Question 41

antagonist of vitamin K is _________, a rat poison causing anticoagulation.

Answer 41

Warfarin

Question 42

typical thiamin deficiency is ______________, a dysfunction in the nervous system

Answer 42

beriberi

Question 43

is converted into TPP inside cells to participate in the energy-producing pathway.

Answer 43

Dietary thiamine

Question 44

x consists of one molecule of pyrimidine joined with one of thiazole

Answer 44

Thiamine

Question 45

Thiamine is a component of the enzyme ____________________________, which is involved in several key reactions in energy-producing pathways.

Answer 45

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Question 46

an animals’ thiamine requirement is influenced by the level of _________________ in their diet.

Answer 46

carbohydrates

Question 47

is another typical symptom of thiamin deficiency in chicks.

Answer 47

Polyneuritis

Question 48

Raw fish and bracken ferns (a perennial) contain an enzyme

Answer 48

thiaminase

Question 49

causing a deficiency that causes a neurological disorder

Answer 49

Chastek paralysis

Question 50

(coccidiostat) blocks activation of TPP and can cause a thiamine deficiency.

Answer 50

Amprolium

Question 51

is named for its yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose).

Answer 51

Riboflavin

Question 52

functions in the body as a component of two different coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Answer 52

Riboflavin

Question 53

Niacin is the accepted generic description for ________________ and its derivatives showing the nutritional activity of nicotinic acid.

Answer 53

pyridine 3-carboxylic acid

Question 54

These coenzymes serve as _______________ in several important metabolic processes involving carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis) and other energy deriving pathways involving carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, such as the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 54

hydrogen carriers

Question 55

bound forms of niacin in wheat and not biologically available

Answer 55

niacytin

Question 56

Corn contains _____________, which binds niacin tightly and makes it unavailable for absorption.

Answer 56

niacinogen

Question 57

most animals (except cats) are capable of synthesizing niacin from the essential amino acid ___________

Answer 57

tryptophan

Question 58

niacin deficiency in dogs

Answer 58

black tongue disease

Question 59

poor feathering around the eyes

Answer 59

spectacled eyes.

Question 60

comprises three different forms: pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), and pyridoxamine (animal).

Answer 60

Pyridoxine

Question 61

is also required for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Answer 61

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 62

occurs in all tissues of the body. The vitamin name is derived from the Greek term pan meaning “all,” or “everywhere.

Answer 62

Pantothenic acid

Question 63

a constituent of coenzyme A,

Answer 63

Pantothenic acid

Question 64

is required in the formation of two-C fragments from fats, amino acids, and carbohydrates for entry into the citric acid cycle and for the synthesis of steroids.

Answer 64

CoA

Question 65

an abnormal gait, due to nerve degeneration, reduced growth rate, in pigs

Answer 65

goose-stepping

Question 66

was isolated from egg yolk in 1936, a growth factor for yeast.

Answer 66

Biotin

Question 67

Cofactor in carboxylase reactions (lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis)

Answer 67

biocytin

Question 68

Biotin is a prosthetic group that binds to the lysine of the enzyme via a peptide bond to form biocytin, which serves as a cofactor in carboxylase reactions such as ___________________

Answer 68

acetyl CoA carboxylase carboxylase

Question 69

the first step in lipogenesis

Answer 69

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Question 70

the first step in gluconeogenesis

Answer 70

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 71

the antivitamin ________ binds biotin and makes it unavailable for digestion and absorption.

Answer 71

avidin

Question 72

Lack of biotin has been shown to cause a condition called ______________ in chickens fed wheat-based diets.

Answer 72

footpad dermatitis

Question 73

is a generic term used to describe folic acid and related compounds

Answer 73

Folacin

Question 74

The active form of folacin in the body

Answer 74

tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 75

enhances the conversion of folacin to tetrahydrofolic acid.

Answer 75

Vitamin B12

Question 76

is required for purine, pyrimidine, glycine, serine, and creatine synthesis

Answer 76

Tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 77

Transporter for carbon units, involved in cell replication (DNA synthesis)

Answer 77

Folic acid

Question 78

____________(Vitamin B12), the last B vitamin, was discovered in 1948.

Answer 78

Cobalamin

Question 79

trace element mineral as its active site

Answer 79

cobalt

Question 80

provides the acidity and pepsin to release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from the dietary source.

Answer 80

stomach

Question 81

also secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein

Answer 81

The stomach

Question 82

is required for B12 absorption in the ileum.

Answer 82

Calcium

Question 83

is required only for ruminants; the rumen microbes will synthesize cobalamin.

Answer 83

Cobalt

Question 84

can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice

Answer 84

scurvy

Question 85

was recognized as a vitamin in 1933.

Answer 85

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Question 86

has a structure closely related to monosaccharide sugars

Answer 86

Ascorbic acid

Question 87

is important for normal bone formation. It also functions as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress.

Answer 87

Collagen

Question 88

a disease affecting humans with impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, faulty bone formation, and anemia; it was first reported in sailors at sea. Normally, no deficiency symptom can be detected in all mammals except primates and guinea pigs

Answer 88

scurvy