vitamins 4

Question 1

why is calcium important?

Answer 1

1. important for blood clotting
2. nerve function
3. helps with contraction of the heart muscles
4. bone developmental

Question 2

what happens during oestoclast activity?

Answer 2

low ca+

release ca+

Question 3

what happens during oesoblast activity?

Answer 3

high ca+

stores ca+

Question 4

if they are very high amount of calcium in the body what can it lead to?

Answer 4

cardiac arrest

Question 5

if they are very low amount of calcium in the body what can it lead to?

Answer 5

respiratory arrest

Question 6

what is the name given to the multinucleated cells that are involved in calcium homeostasis?

Answer 6

oestoclasts

Question 7

which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate calcium homeostasis?

Answer 7

calcitonin

Question 8

how do bisphosphates help to treat osteoporosis?

Answer 8

antiresorptive therapy

Question 9

what are the oestoblasts embedded as?

Answer 9

oestocytes

Question 10

what are the oestoblasts made up of?

Answer 10

collagen fibers

Question 11

where is the Ca+ stored?

Answer 11

in the bone matrix

Question 12

what is the low Ca+ secreted by?

Answer 12

parathyroid gland

Question 13

what does cAMP signalling and calcium sensing receptor stimulate?

Answer 13

oestoclast activity- low Ca+ in the bones

Question 14

what does PTH promote?

Answer 14

oestoclasts activity

loss of Ca+ in the kidney

formation of steroid hormone calcitriol

Question 15

what is calcitriol?

Answer 15

steroid hormone- vit D in kidney

Question 16

what does cacitrol promote?

Answer 16

oestoclast activity

uptake of Ca+ from the gut

decrease Ca+ in the kidney

Question 17

what is calcitonin?

Answer 17

peptide hormone

Question 18

what does calcitonin secrete?

Answer 18

high Ca+ in the thyroid gland

Question 19

what does calcitonin inhibit?

Answer 19

Ca+ reabsorption in kidney

oestoclasts

Question 20

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 20

faster loss of bones

Question 21

what are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

Answer 21

older women

low bone density

certain medications

family history

lack of exercise

Question 22

what are the treatments of oestoporosis?

Answer 22

exercise

diet

hormones and genetics

Question 23

what are the medical treatments of oesteopororsis?

Answer 23

antiresprotive therapies

strontium

Anaobolic therapies

Question 24

what are the causes of osteoporosis?

Answer 24

decreased production of vit D

renal tubular diseases

intestinal malabsorption

anticonvulsant therapy

Question 25

what are the symptoms of oesteoporosis?

Answer 25

difficult walking pain between joints pain and tenderness in the skeletal brusises- injury

Question 26

what factors can be the cause of obesity?

Answer 26

consuming calories lack of exercise hormones and genetics

Question 27

what is the well- fed pathway?

Answer 27

digetsive pathway

Question 28

what is well fed?

Answer 28

high blood glucose

Question 29

what Is fasting state?

Answer 29

low blood glucose

Question 30

where is the LPL secreted from?

Answer 30

adipose parachymal cells heart muscle

Question 31

what can excessive fat lead to?

Answer 31

cell proliferation enlarged adipose

Question 32

what are the characteristics of healthy adipose?

Answer 32

functional mitochondria anti-inflammatory angiogenesis fat biogenesis sensitive to insulin

Question 33

what is afferent signal?

Answer 33

carry signals towards the CNS

Question 34

what is efferent signal?

Answer 34

signals from the CNS

Question 35

what does anabolic circuit promote?

Answer 35

synthesis of larger components molecules into smaller ones storages energy and rests

Question 36

what does catabolic promote?

Answer 36

breakdown of larger complex molecules into simpler ones releases energy

Question 37

what is leptin?

Answer 37

protein hormone

Question 38

where is leptin produced in?

Answer 38

SI - enterocytes adipose

Question 39

what does leptin repress?

Answer 39

neuropeptide Y agouti- related proteins

Question 40

what does agouti- related proteins decrease?

Answer 40

food intake

Question 41

what does agouti-related proteins increase?

Answer 41

energy expenditure

Question 42

what does leptin stimulate?

Answer 42

pro- opiomelanocortin cocain- amphetamine- regulated transcript

Question 43

what hormone is included in the POMC?

Answer 43

alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 44

what does CART decrease?

Answer 44

food intake

Question 45

if they are too little of leptin signalling what does it cause?

Answer 45

obesity

Question 46

what does leptin in adipose and SI enterocytes reduce?

Answer 46

food intake

Question 47

what are insulin?

Answer 47

pancreatic B cells

Question 48

what does insulin increase?

Answer 48

fat- energy storage

Question 49

what does insulin decrease?

Answer 49

food intake

Question 50

what is an example of oestrogen?

Answer 50

cortisol

Question 51

where is cortisol produced from?

Answer 51

adrenal gland

Question 52

what do oestrogen do?