Vitamins And Minerals

Question 0

What are the macrominerals? (6)

Answer 0

Fe2+, Cu2+, Co, Mn, Mg2+, Ni

Question 1

What are the microminerals? (4)

Answer 1

Na, K, SO4, PO4

Question 2

What are organic compounds that are required in the diet for normal function but cannot be synthesized?

Answer 2

Vitamins

Question 3

What are inorganic nutrients?

Answer 3

Minerals

Question 4

Name the water soluble vitamins (9)

Answer 4

thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pryidoxine, folate, vitamin C, B12

Question 5

Name the lipid soluble vitamins.

Answer 5

Vitamins A, D, E, K (they require bile for absorption)

Question 6

Name some of the reasons for a vitamin deficiency? (7)

Answer 6

Inadequate dietary intake, absorption, use, increased requirements, excretion, loss of microbial synthesis, and drug induced loss.

Question 7

What is required for carbonyl transfers?

Answer 7

thiamine

Question 8

What is the active form of B1?

Answer 8

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Question 9

How long does it take to deplete liver stores of thiamine?

Answer 9

2 weeks

Question 10

B2 is required for the synthesis of what two things?

Answer 10

FAD and FMN

B2 = riboflavin

Question 11

Where is FMN formed? Where is FAD formed?

Answer 11

intestinal mucosa; liver

Question 12

Riboflavin is a coenzyme in what type of reactions?

Answer 12

oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 13

Why might a riboflavin deficiency be observed in infants who are under phototherapy for jaundice?

Answer 13

B2 breaks down on exposure to visible light.

Question 14

Name a few metabolic processes that require riboflavin derivatives. (3)

Answer 14

Kreb’s cycle, FA breakdown, phase 1 detox

Question 15

What amino acid can be converted into niacin, but is very inefficient (60mg > 1mg)?

Answer 15

tryptophan

Question 16

What is a precurcor of NAD and NADP?

Answer 16

niacin

Question 17

NAD and NADP are coenzymes in what type of reactions?

Answer 17

Redox reactions

Question 18

What are the four D’s associated with pellagra (rough skin)?

Answer 18

dermatitis, diarrhea, menentia, death

Question 19

Corn based diets are associated with niacin deficiency (pellegra). The native people of the americas prepared maize with ashes from their cooking fires and thus, did not have niacin deficiency. Explain.

Answer 19

The alkalinity of the ashes make the niacin available.

Question 20

How many steps in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to CO2 require NAD?

Answer 20

4 - glycolysis, PDH, Kreb’s (2)

Question 21

What is the name of B3?

Answer 21

Niacin

Question 22

Pantothenic acid is a constituent of what?

Answer 22

Coenzyme A

Question 23

What is the name of B5?

Answer 23

pantothenic acid

Question 24

What is the active form of B6?

Answer 24

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Question 25

Where is PLP absorbed?

Answer 25

Upper GI tract

Question 26

The major breakdown product of PLP, ____, is formed in the liver.

Answer 26

Pyridoxic acid

Question 27

PLP is a coenzyme for enzymes that use amino acids as substrates. Name for such reactions.

Answer 27

transaminations, decarboxylations, deaminations, racemizations

Question 28

What is a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase?

Answer 28

PLP

Question 29

What enzyme reaction might account for peripheral neuropathy and epileptic seizures in severe vitamin B6 deficiency?

Answer 29

Conversion of glutamate to GABA

Question 30

In what type of reaction is biotin a coenzyme?

Answer 30

carboxylation reactions

Question 31

Most of the water soluble vitamins are synthesized, at least in small quantities by intestinal bacteria. Which is synthesized this way in large quantities?

Answer 31

Biotin

Question 32

Biotin is covalently attached to enzymes how?

Answer 32

As a prosthetic group

Question 33

What protein found in raw egg whites has a high affinity for biotin?

Answer 33

Avidin

Question 34

What do folic acid derivatives facilitate?

Answer 34

One-carbon transfers

Question 35

What are the three components of folate?

Answer 35

pteridine ring, glutamate, p-aminobenzoate

Question 36

What vitamin is especially easily destroyed by cooking?

Answer 36

folate

Question 37

What is the name of B9?

Answer 37

Folic acid

Question 38

What is the name of B7?

Answer 38

Biotin

Question 39

Folate exists in what form in food and in cells?

Answer 39

polyglutamate

Question 40

Folate exists in what form when absorbed?

Answer 40

monoglutamate

Question 41

How long can the body store folic acid?

Answer 41

4-6 months

Question 42

Folate acts as one carbon group carrier. What oxidation states can it carry?

Answer 42

Any other than CO2

Question 43

Pernicious anemia is caused by malabsorption of what vitamin?

Answer 43

B12

Question 44

What is the name of B12?

Answer 44

Cobalamin

Question 45

How many rings does B12 have and what is at the center of them?

Answer 45

3 (aka. corrin ring system) carries cobalt

Question 46

How and where is B12 absorbed?

Answer 46

In the terminal ileum with IF, which is secreted from gastric mucosa

Question 47

How does B12 get around in the serum?

Answer 47

Bound to transcobalamin or albumin

Question 48

Where is the active form of B12 prepared?

Answer 48

liver, bone marrow, reticulocytes

Question 49

What do the use of propionyl CoA and the methylation of homocysteine to methionine have in common?

Answer 49

They both require B12

Question 50

Why is B12 malabsorbed leading to pernicious anemia?

Answer 50

There is an absense of IF

Question 51

How long can stores of B12 las in a strict vegetarian?

Answer 51

3-7 years

Question 52

Which vitamin is a reducing agent and scavenger of free radicals?

Answer 52

Vitamin C

Question 53

What is the functional cofactor form of vitamin C?

Answer 53

Ascorbic acid

Question 54

What is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the biosynthesis of collagen?

Answer 54

Vitamin C

Question 55

What vitamin is required for the synthesis of NE and EPI? (and Beta-hydroxylase)

Answer 55

Vitamin C

Question 56

What vitamin acts as an antioxidant and aids in iron absorption?

Answer 56

Vitamin C

Question 57

Vitamin C is important in what conversion?

Answer 57

Cholesterol to bile acids

Question 58

Carnitine synthesis requires how many ascorbate-dependent dioxygenases?

Answer 58

2

Question 59

What structure does Vitamin C resemble?

Answer 59

Glucose

Question 60

What are the three active forms of Vitamin A?

Answer 60

Retinal, retinol, retinoic acid

Question 61

90% of Vit A is stored where?

Answer 61

liver

Question 62

What is converted to retinol in the intestinal cells?

Answer 62

Carotenoids

Question 63

What is the storage form of Vitamin A?

Answer 63

Retinol esters with fatty acids

Question 64

What is a principal role of Vitamin A

Answer 64

Absorption of light in the visual system

Question 65

What does retinoic acid act like?

Answer 65

A lipid-soluble hormone

Question 66

Beside maintenance of vision what does Vitamin A do?

Answer 66

Maintenance of reproduction, promotion of growth, and differentiation and maintenance of epithelial tissue and gene expression

Question 67

How is Vitamin A transported from the liver to its target tissue?

Answer 67

Bound to a binding protein

Question 68

What vitamin is a prohormone?

Answer 68

Vitamin D

Question 69

What is the name of Vitamin D3?

Answer 69

Cholecalciferol

Question 70

What is the name of vitamin D2?

Answer 70

Ergocalciferol

Question 71

Where is D3 synthesized and how?

Answer 71

In the deep layer of the skin in response to ultraviolet radiation (UVB rays 290-315nm)

Question 72

Cholecalciferol is hydroxylated where?

Answer 72

In the liver

Question 73

Where is 25-hydroxyVitaminD hydroxylated?

Answer 73

Kidneys

Question 74

What is the active form of Vitamin D?

Answer 74

1,25-dihydroxyVitaminD

Question 75

What vitamin is a potent regulator of Calcium metabolism?

Answer 75

D

Question 76

Active forms of vitamin D are sterol hormones that diffuse through what?

Answer 76

Plasma membranes

Question 77

What is required for Vitamin D absorption from the GI tract?

Answer 77

Bile

Question 78

What is the half-life of both 25-hydroxy- and unhydroxylated cholecalciferol?

Answer 78

30 days

Question 79

What is the half-life of 1,25-dihydroxyVitaminD

Answer 79

4-6 hours