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vitamins and minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

define vitamins and minerals

A

organic compounds required in small amounts

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2
Q

what are the fat soluable vitamins

A

ADEK

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3
Q

what are the water soluable vitamins

A

BC

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4
Q

food sources of vitamin A

A

liver, oily fish, egg yolk, milk, butter, marg, carrots, pepper, tomato, broccoli, kale, spinach, apricots, mango

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5
Q

food sources of vitamin D

A

cheese, marg, egg yolk, butter, fish oils and sunlight

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6
Q

food sources of vitamin E

A

veg oils, fruit + veg, nuts and seeds, marg, butter, meat, fish, eggs

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7
Q

food sources of vitamin K

A

green leafy veg, soya/rapeseed/olive oils, cheese, gut bacteria

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8
Q

food sources of vitamin B1

A

soya, yeast, bran, pork, wheat and pulses

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9
Q

food sources of vitamin B2

A

dairy, cereal, poultry, meat, asparagus, broccoli

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10
Q

food sources of vitamin B3

A

liver, kidney, meat, fish, poultry, bran, yeast, whole wheat, peanuts and coffee

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11
Q

food sources of vitamin B12

A

all animal products, seaweed, bacteria, fungi

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12
Q

food sources of vitamin C

A

citrus, berries, green veg, potatoes and milk

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13
Q

what are the functions of vitamin A

A

vision - forms light sensitive rhodopsin in retina for night vision
important for cell differentiation and turnover - prevents dryness and thickening of of eye, skin, lung and intestine
antioxidant function

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14
Q

function of vitamin D

A

calcium regulation - stimulates CA2+ absorption by small intestine and stimulates bone resorption and formation
immune function - contributes to regulation of formation of immune cells in the blood

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15
Q

function of vitamin E

A

antioxidant function - donates H to free radicals
also maintains cell membrane integrity
anti-inflammatory effects

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16
Q

function of vitamin K

A

enzyme co-factor - carboxlyase enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of y-carboxyglutamic acid (gla)
GLA is an essential component of the 4 clotting factors
prothromibin
factor VII
factor IX
factor X

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17
Q

function of vitamin B1

A

cho metabolism

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18
Q

function of vitamin B2

A

synthesis and oxidation of macronutrients - electron receptor in oxidative metabolism of CHO, AA and fatty acids
donates electron in reduced state

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19
Q

function of vitamin B3

A

component of co-enzymes - NAD and NADP

NAD and NADP needed to act as H acceptor in oxidative reaction and then in turn act as H donors

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20
Q

function of folate

A

required for cell division

prevention of neural tube defects

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21
Q

function of B12

A

nerve myelination
prevents megaloblastic anaemia - low red blood cells but cells are larger and have higher conc of haemoglobin
RBC are inhibited from entering into mitosis as DNA synthesis is inhibited from lack of folate
folate coenzymes recycled by coenzymes made from vit B12

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22
Q

function of vitamin C

A

prevention of scurvy

aids wound healing - antioxidant/connective tissue/immune function

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23
Q

what are the early and prolonged signs of vit A deficiency

A

early - impaired colour vision and impaired ability to adapt or see in dim light
prolonged - keratinisation of the cornea followed by ulceration and eventual blindness

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24
Q

what factors can put someone at risk of vit A deficiency

A

low protein diet, low intake of animal fats and vegetables

fat malabsroption - fat soluable vit

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25
what is the toxicity of vitamin A
toxic to liver in large amounts, not advised during pregnancy as leads to miscarriage /birth defects/learning difficulty
26
what vitamin is stored in large quantities in polar bear livers and would be toxic to humans if consumed
vitamin A
27
what does deficiency of vitamin D lead to
rickets in children due to undermineralisation of bone | oestomalacia due to demineralisation of bones
28
what factors put someone at risk of a vitamin D deficiency
low sun exposure - being elderly or housebound v high fibre diets liver and kidney disease asian immigrants
29
what is the toxicity of vitamin D
excessive intake can lead to ca2+ metabolism disturbance which can lead to hypercalcaemia, high conc in blood leading to potential high BP and brain/kidney damage
30
what does deficiency of vitamin E lead to
neurological damage, anaemia, impaired immunity
31
whose at risk of vit E deficiency
premature babies and those with fat malabsorption
32
what is the toxicity of vitamin E
few adverse affects seen over 3200mg
33
what does deficiency of vitamin K lead to
bleeding disorders characterised by low prothrombin activity
34
whose at risk of vit K deficiency
new borns, those with fat malabsorption and those taking antibiotics or anti-coagulant drugs
35
what is the toxicity of vitamin K
synthetic forms can be toxic in high doses
36
what does deficiency of vitamin B1 lead to
beri-beri (rare but seen in alcoholics) acute/wet - CV - responds well to treatment - leads to ^HR/warm extremities/enlargement of heart/oedema/CHF chronic/dry - muscles and nerves - responds well to treatment - peripheral neuropathy - damage to peripheral nerves resulting in weakness, numbness and pain leads to limited walking, damaged reflexes
37
what are the symptoms of wernickes encephalopathy
abnormalities to eye movement/stance/gait/mental capacity
38
what is wernickes - kortakoffs syndrome
a neurological syndrome resulting from B1 deficiency, | wenickes encephalopathy and korsakoffs psychosis are acute and chronic phases of the same disease
39
what are the symptoms of korsakoffs psychosis
amnesia and inability to form new memories
40
what does deficiency in vitamin B2 lead to
ariboflavinosis - lesions of the mouth, cracking lips, magenta tongue, skin inflammation, anaemia
41
who is at risk of a vit B2 deficiency
those with anorexia, malabsorption or alcoholism
42
what is the toxicity of vitamin B2
no toxic effects observed
43
what does deficiency in vitamin B3 lead to
pellagra Dx3 dermatitis - skin inflammation due to sunlight exposure diarrhoea dementia - not typically observed until later stages
44
what is the toxicity of vitamin B3
vit b3 can lead to liver damage or liver failure in high doses
45
what does a folate deficiency lead to
anaemia (megaloblastic due to inhibition of dna synthesis and then inhibition of mitosis, less RBC but present RBC tend to be larger and more red - these cells are larger due to being stuck in G2 growth phase) can also lead to diarrhoea and growth failure
46
who is at risk of folate deficiency
low intake/ those with malaborption/ ^alcohol/drug intake | pregnant women
47
what is the toxicity of folate
can lead to liver damage or failure folate supplementation is common in flour in europe to prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida however increased intake of folate is though to increase the likeihood of falling pregnant with twins although the data available is relatively conflicting although supplementation would prevent spina bifida, carrying twins does come with its own risks
48
what does a deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to
anaemia | irreversible nerve damage in chronic cases
49
who is at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency
vegans, those who do not produce intrinsic factor - need shots every few months as there is no substitute for intrinsic factor
50
what is the toxicity of vitamin B12
low toxicity exhibited
51
what does a deficiency in vitamin C lead to
scurvy - fatigue, skin bleeds, swollen gums, joint swelling and sudden HF
52
what factors put people at risk of vitamin C deficiency
low fruit/veg intake | consumption of irregular high doses through supplementation
53
what is the toxicity of vitamin C
excess intake can lead to kidney stones, diarrhoea
54
what is the function of calcium
growth and development of skeleton | needed for cellular processes
55
what does a deficiency in calcium lead to
decreased bone mass/osteoporosis
56
what are the main risk factors leading to calcium deficiency
poor intake or malabsorption
57
what is the toxicity of calcium
supplement use may lead to kidney stones and hypercalcaemia
58
what does a deficiency in iron lead to
anaemia
59
what is the function of iron
present in haemoglobin, myoglobin, ferritin etc
60
what is the main risk leading to iron deficiency
low dietary intake
61
what is the toxicity of iron
tissue deposition
62
what is the function of iodine
develop/growth - used to make thyroid hormones
63
what does a deficiency in iodine lead to
in fetus - miscarriage/stillbirth/cretinism (severely stunted mental and physical growth) goitre - swelling of the thyroid gland
64
what are the main risk factors for iodine deficiency
low salt intake
65
what is the toxicity of iodine
in very high doses can lead to hyperthyroidism

Nutrition, Health and Disease (19 decks)

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