Vitamins and minerals Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
what is the name of b1
A
thiamine
2
Q
active form of b1
A
tpp
thiamine pyrophosphate
3
Q
reaction b1 undergoes
A
oxidative decarboxylation
4
Q
what occurs when deficient in b1
A
beri beri
wernicke’s korsakoff
5
Q
what are signs of beri beri
A
weakness, edema, increased heart rate (tachycardia)
paralysis
6
Q
what are peripheral neurologic, cerebral and vascular manifestations called with b1 deficiency
A
polyenurities
7
Q
name of b2
A
riboflavin
8
Q
active forms of b2
A
FAD, FADH2, FMN/FMNH2
9
Q
reaction b2 undegoes
A
oxidation reduction
electron transfer reactions
10
Q
deficiency of b2
A
cheilosis and angular stomatitis (cracks in mouth)
blurred visions
11
Q
what is magenta tongue associated with
A
b2
12
Q
food sources for b1
A
wheat germ oil, pork, oatmeal
13
Q
food sources for b2
A
beef, chicken liver, eggs
14
Q
name of b3
A
niacin
15
Q
active forms of niacin
A
NAD+, NADH, NADP, NADPH
16
Q
reaction b3 undergoes
A
oxidation reduction
electron transfer reactions
glycolysis
17
Q
deficiency of b3
A
pellagra (4D disease)
18
Q
what are the 4D’s associated with pellagra
A
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
19
Q
what turns into niacin
A
tryptophan
20
Q
what is corn protein deficient in
A
tryptophan
21
Q
food sources for b3
A
liver, tuna, oatmeal, salmon
22
Q
b5 name
A
pantothenic acid
23
Q
b5 active form
A
pantothenic acid
24
Q
deficiency of b5
A
rare, burning feet, malaise, abdominal pain
25
food sources for b5
beef and chicken liver, sunflower seeds
26
reaction b5 under goes
coenzyme a (CoA)
27
b6 name
pyridoxine
28
active form b6
pyridoxal phosphate
29
reaction b6 undergoes
transiamination and decarboxylation
30
deficiency of b6
convulsions in infants, dermatitis, loss of myelin
31
which vit b can be toxic and what does it cause
b6 - sensory ataxia
32
food sources for b6
liver, oatmeal, banana, garbanzo
33
name of b9
folic acid
34
active form of b9
tetra-hydro folate (H4F)
35
reaction b9 undergoes
methyl transfer
36
deficiency of b9 causes
macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia
37
what does b9 prevent
neural tube defects
38
food sources for b9
chicken liver, spinach and lentils
39
b12 name
cyanocobalamin
40
b12 active form
deoxy-adenosyl cobalamin
41
reaction b12 undegoes
methyl transfer
| recycles folic acid
42
vegetarians suffer what without b12
pernicious anemia
43
deficiency of b12
```
macrocytic anemia (pernicious megaloblastic)
combined systems disease (PLS)
```
44
what does b12 need to be absorbed
intrinsic factor from stomach
45
b12 is not found in
plants
46
food sources for b12
liver, clams, oysters, chicken, herring and crab
47
biotin active form
biotin
48
reaction biotin undergoes
carboxylation
49
deficiency of biotin
swollen tongue (glossitis/dermatitis), ABS
50
what prevents ABS
avidin in raw eggs
51
what is needed to make fats and carbos
biotin
52
food sources of biotin
cauliflower, peanuts and cheese
53
vit c name
ascorbic acid
54
vit c active form
reduced state
55
reaction of vit c
collagen
| synthesis antioxidant
56
deficiency of vit c causes
scurvy and bleeding gums
57
what makes hydroxyproline
collagen synthesis
58
food sources for vit c
citrus fruits
59
bioflavanoid reaction
vitamin c reduced
60
food sources of bioflavanoid
white part of fruit
61
what are the vitamins that are water soluble
b1, b2, b3, b5, b6, b9, b12, biotin, vit C and bioflavanoids
62
what are the vitamins that are fat soluble
A, D, E, K
63
vit A name
retinol
64
where is retinol from
beta carotene
65
what is the active form of vit A
name which starts with retin-
66
deficiency of vit A
night blindness, dry cornea and ulerations
| xerophthalmia, skin sores, everything "dry"
67
what does vit A help with
health of mucus membranes
68
toxicity of vit A causes
headaches, peeling skin
69
food sources of vit A
beef, chicken liver, carrots and sweet potato, cantaloupe
70
vit D name
cholecalciferol
| ergocalciferol
71
active form of vit D
1,25 diOH cholecalciferol
72
hydroxylation steps of vit D
liver then kidney
73
deficiency of vit D
rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults
74
what does vit D do
absorbs calcium from the gut
75
vit D toxicity
anorexia, renal failure
76
food sources for vit D
cod liver, salmon, sardine, milk, fortified cereal
77
vit E name
tocopherol
78
where is vit E stored
adipose, liver and muscle
79
what does vit E require for absorption
bile salts and fat
80
deficiency of vit E
possible hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, sterility
| cardiovascular problems
81
what vitamin is a good blood thinner
vit E
82
with what makes vit E an antioxidant
selenium
83
vit E toxicity
interferes with enzymes
84
food sources for vit E
wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds, almonds and hazel nuts
85
vit K names
quinone
86
vit K synthesized by what
large intestin bacteria
87
what does vit K need for absorption
bile salts and fat
88
where is vit K stored
liver and spleen
89
deficiency of vit K
clotting disorders
90
what does vit K make in the liver
pro-thrombin
91
vit K toxicity
kernicterus, neural
92
food sources of vit K
turnips, spinach, cauliflower and cabbage
93
what are antioxidants
vit A, C, E, and beta carotene
94
what are the macrominerals
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and magnesium
95
how many mg of calcium in blood
9-11%
96
function of calcium
component of bone
muscle contraction
nerve regulation
97
what regulates calcium from gut to blood
vit D
98
what regulates calcium from blood to bone
calcitonin
99
what regulates calcium from bone to blood
PTH
100
deficiency of calcium
rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, may lead to tetany
101
toxicity, disease, or symptoms of calcium
decrease muscle tone
calcium deposits in soft tissue
renal failure
102
food sources of calcium
milk, green leafy veges, canned fish with bones
103
phosphorus function
component of bone, ATP, nucleic acids
104
what regulates phosphorus
kidney
105
deficiency of phosphorus
rickets, osteomalacia, renal dysfunction
106
toxicity, disease, or symptoms of phosphorus
bone loss
107
sodium function
h2o distribution: osmosis, AP, bicarbinate
108
how much sodium per day
2400mg
109
what regulates sodium
aldosterone
110
deficiency of sodium
hyponatremia, confusion, coma
111
toxicity of sodium
hypertension (extracellular)
112
potassium function
nerve and muscle AP (intracellular)
113
what regulates potassium
aldosterone
114
deficiency of potassium
caused by diuretics, muscle weakness
115
toxicity of potassium
cardiac arrest
116
magnesium function
component of bones, cofactor for kinase, needed for glucose breakdown
117
deficiency of magnesium
diabetes, hypertension, increased blood cholesterol, spasms blood vessels
118
toxicity of magnesium
poisoning: miners, neuro symptoms are like parkinson's dx
119
food sources for magnesium
most plants
120
what are the microminerals
chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc, fluorine
121
chromium functions
glucose transport
122
what helps bind insulin to cell
chromium
123
deficiency of chromium
impaired glucose tolerance
124
cobalt function
constituent of vitamin b12
125
deficiency of cobalt
macrocytic (pernicious) anemia
126
copper function
part of cytochrome A oxidace (ETC)
127
how is copper metabolized
transported by albumin
128
what does metabolized copper form
melanin
129
deficiency of copper
menke's sundrome
| hereditary: CNS, die infancy
130
iodine function
part of thyroxine
131
what is iodine stored as and where
thyroglobulin in the thyroid
132
deficiency of iodine
cretinism in kids, goiter, myxedema in adults
133
iron function
part of heme enzymes
134
what are the heme enzymes iron is part of
hemoglobin, cytochromes
135
what is iron transported as
transferrin
136
what is iron stored as
ferritin
137
deficiency of iron
hypochromic microcytic anemia
138
food sources of iron
meat, liver, clams, oysters, tofu, egg yolk
139
manganese function
cofactor for decarboxylase
140
what is manganese for
hemoglobin, forms urea, growth, reproduction
141
deficiency of manganese
ligamentous healing
142
selenium functions
cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
143
what is synergistic with vit E
selenium
144
deficiency of selenium
cardiomyopathy
145
toxicity of selenium
hair/nail loss
146
zinc function
cofactor for carbonic anhydrase
147
toxicity of zinc
metal fume fever: neuro damage
148
deficiency of zinc
impaired wound healing
149
food sources for zinc
pumpkin seeds
150
fluorine function
increases hardness of teeth
151
excess fluorine causes
mottled teeth
152
deficiency of fluorine
dental caries
