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OTC II > Vitamins and Minerals EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals EXAM 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

A

daily dietary intake that is sufficient to (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals

-most often on the label of dietary products

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2
Q

SUMMARIZE

A

-all water soluble, fat soluble
-Vitamins w/o toxicities
-Vitamins associated with alcoholics, diarrhea, malabsorption
-Vitamins for bone growth

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3
Q

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

A

a nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of the healthy individuals in a group

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4
Q

Adequate Intake (AI)

A

-used when the RDA and EAR can’t be determined
-labeled with an Asterisk, whereas the other two are bold

  • a value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient
    intake by a group (or groups) of healthy people
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5
Q

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL):

A

-the highest level of intake without experiencing adverse events to almost all individuals in the general population

-the more the UL is exceeded the higher the risk for adverse effects

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6
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins excreted?

A

Through the urine
->therefore the chance of experiencing overdose or toxicity is low

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7
Q

What is the pathway of fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. general circulation
  3. concentrate in the lipid tissues

drug-food or drug-drug interactions with fat-soluble vitamins may cause deficiency

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8
Q

Difference between Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins

A

-Fat-soluble vitamins are available longer in the body and they concentrate in the fat-tissue

-water-soluble rapidly excreted through urine

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9
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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10
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A

A

(Retinol and Beta-carotene)

-normal growth and tooth development, and eye functioning in the conjunctiva, retina, and cornea

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11
Q

What are the Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A

A

dry eye, night blindness

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12
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin A

A

-increased risk of bone fractures
-increased cancer risk with beta-carotene supplementation in smokers and former smokers —congenital birth defects
-headache, and diplopia (double vision)

-deficiencies and toxicities not often seen in the US bc the food is rich in Vitamin A

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13
Q

Source of Vitamin A

A

dark green, red, and orange vegetables

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14
Q

Function of Vitamin B1
(Thiamine)

A

-formation of acetyl CoA in Krebs cycle to regulate myocardial and nerve function
-carbohydrate metabolism (higher carb intake requires more Vitamin B1)

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15
Q

Patient population to find deficiency of Vitamin B1

A

-alcoholics
-malabsorption syndromes
-chronic diarrhea

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16
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin B1
Lack of Vitamin B1

A

-peripheral neuritis
-weakness
-Wernicke’s encephalopathy (confusion)
-cardiac dysfunction

Treat with supplements - 100% of the daily recommended intake value

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17
Q

Sources of Vitamin B1

A

legumes (beans, peanuts, peas), enriched cereals and breads, pork, and beef

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18
Q

Function of Vitamin B2
Riboflavin

A

-maintenance of cellular growth !!
-vision !!
-mucous membranes
-hair, skin, and nail

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19
Q

Symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin B2

A

ocular symptoms:
-light sensitivity
-easy eye fatigue
-blurred vision

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20
Q

Patient population to look out for in Vitamin B2

A

Patients with the need for increased cell growth
-Pregnant (prenatal vitamin)
-Wound-healing

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21
Q

Toxicities of Vitamin B2

A

-Considered non-toxic
-causes yellow-orange urine discoloration (water-soluble)

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22
Q

Function of Vitamin B3
(Niacin)

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A

electron transfer agent for aerobic respiration of cells

23
Q

How does the body produce Vitamin B3

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A

1/2 from tryptophan-containing proteins
rest from preformed niacin

24
Q

Patient population deficient in Vitamin B3

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A

-Alcoholics
-poorly nourished geriatric
-individuals with a restrictive diet

25
Symptoms associated with Vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellagra - the three “D’s” !!! -Dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis -Glossitis with beefy red tongue (inflammation of the tongue) -Rash that is crusty and scaly with blackish pigmentation
26
Toxicities associated with Vitamin B3
nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, skin rash, tachycardia, hypertension, flushing sensation around the face
27
Function of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
-cofactor for more than 60 enzymes (e.g. decarboxylases, synthetases, transaminase, and hydroxylases) -heme production and metabolism of homocysteine -Possible treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (neural disorder - hand), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and depression
28
Deficiencies of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
-alcoholism -severe diarrhea -restrictive diets -malabsorptive syndromes -drugs (isoniazid and penicillamine) -genetic diseases
29
Symptoms of deficiency in Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
-convulsions (seizure) impairment in decarboxylating glutamate to GABA -peripheral neuritis -anemia
30
Toxicities of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
at high doses can causes a severe sensory neuropathy
31
Functions of Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
-cell division !! (cancer patient) -DNA production !! -brain and spinal cord development !! (pregnant) -amino acid metabolism
32
Patient population prone to Vitamin B9 deficiency
-cancer patients -pregnants
33
Which Vitamin requires enzymatic conversion via methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)?
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
34
Symptoms of Vitamin B9 deficiency
-sore mouth -diarrhea -forgetfulness -irritability -Neural tube defects in pregnancy
35
Patient population for Vitamin B9 deficiency
-Alcoholics -patients with malabsorption and liver disease -No known toxicities
36
Recommend Vitamin B9 intake for pregnant women
400 mcg could be higher with a prescription
37
Function of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
-active in all cells - bone marrow, CNS, and GI tract -fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism -methylation reactions and cell division -metabolism of folates and lipids -formation of myelin *LIPIDS*
38
Patient population associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency
-older than 50y -vegeterians
39
Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency
-neurologic signs and symptoms (e.g. Paresthesia (burning sensation in the hand), peripheral neuropathy, unsteadiness, poor muscular coordination, mental confusion, agitation, and hallucinations) -Pernicious anemia (autoimmune disorder decreasing VB12 absorption): may need Fe as well -NON-TOXIC
40
Deficiency of which Vitamin is associated with Pernicious anemia?
-rare autoimmune disorder impairing Vitamin B12 absorption -Vitamin B12
41
Function of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
-biosynthesis of hydroxyproline (precursor of collagen, osteoid, and dentin) -assists in the absorption of nonheme iron from food
42
Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency
-symptoms of fatigue, hemorrhage, petechiae, swollen hemorrhagic gums (scurvy), impaired wound healing, and bone changes
43
Toxicities of Vitamin C
-nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
44
The overuse of which drug can be confused with the side effects of Vitamin C overuse?
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
45
Sources of Vitamin C
Fresh fruits and vegetables
46
Functions of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
-properties of a hormone and vitamin -formation of bones and mineral homeostasis -Involved in maintaining serum calcium levels (w/ parathyroid hormone, phosphate, and calcitonin)
47
Patient population associated with Vitamin D3 deficiency
-patients with GI diseases -patients with renal failure -inadequate sunlight exposure -dark skin pigmentation
48
Signs and symptoms of Vitamin D3 deficiency
-calcium abnormalities, muscle weakness, increased risk of falls -increased risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers
49
Toxicities associated with Vitamin D3
-anorexia (vitamin D3 deficiency) -hypercalcemia (increased levle of calcium in the blood) -soft tissue calcification (calcium build-up -> hardens the soft tissue) -kidney stones -renal failure -increased risk of certain types of cancer
50
What is the prescription option for Vitamin D?
Vitamin D2
51
Function of Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)
-antioxidant (prevent oxidative damage) -heme formation, collagen formation, steroid metabolism
52
Toxicities associated with Vitamin E
-congestive heart failure -hemorrhagic stroke -fetal loss when given to prevent preeclampsia (high BP during pregnancy)
53
Deficiencies of Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)
-Only seen in premature infants and patients with fat malabsorption diseases -Symptoms: peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication (muscle pain due to lack of O2), muscle weakness, and hemolytic anemia

OTC II (17 decks)

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