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Liv vet med yr1 > Vitamins + minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins + minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins (definition)

A

Organic compounds required in very small quantities for normal body function

Absence from the diet results in signs of deficiency –> death

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2
Q

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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3
Q

Chemical names of the fat soluble vitamins

A

A = retinol
D = calciferols
E = tocopherols
K = quinones

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4
Q

Which are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B complex, C

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5
Q

What are the names of the B complex vitamins?

A

B₁ = Thiamin
B₂ = Riboflavin
B₃ = Nicotinic acid/niacin
B₅ = pantothenic acid
B₆ = pyridoxine
B₇ = Biotin
B₉ = Folic acid
B₁₂ = Cyanobalamin

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6
Q

Sources of vitamins

A
  • Provitamins are compounds that act as vitamins after undergoing a chemical change to active forms in the body
  • Foods low in a vitamin may still contribute if consumed in large amounts/frequently
  • Many vitamins are destroyed by oxidation
  • How food is processed, stored and cooked can have a major influence on the level of vitamins it contains
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7
Q

Metabolic functions of retinol

A

1) Formation + integrity of epithelia + mucous membranes

2) Retinal function - combines with opsin to form rhodopsin needed for night vision

3) Bone growth

4) Immune function

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8
Q

Pro-vitamin A: β carotene

A

Converted to retinol during absorption through the gut wall

This ability varies with:
- Age: young animals are poor converters
- Species: cats can’t convert β-carotene at all
- Breed: channel island cattle are very poor converters
- Health: diseases affecting the gut wall and liver function

Because retinol is stored in the liver, animals don’t require a daily supply

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9
Q

Sources of retinol

A
  • Liver
  • Accumulates and stored in the liver
  • Egg yolk
  • Milk fat

β carotene: plants (grass)

Retinol deficient foods:
- Cereal grains
- Meat

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10
Q

Retinol deficiency in cattle

A
  • Mild deficiency - rough, scaly skin
  • Prolonged deficiency - night blindness, lachrymation, corneal opacity, retained placenta, still birth

Deficiency is rare in adults as carotenoids acquired at pasture replenish hepatic sores of vitamin A -> able to provide adequate retinol cover over winter periods

Intensively reared indoor beef cattle on cereal diets are prone

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11
Q

Retinol deficiency in dogs + cats

A

Can occur if fed all-meat diets without liver

Dogs:
- Scurvy
- Scaly skin (first sign)
- Night blindness
- Abnormal skeletal growth

Cats:
- Foetal defects are apparent + complete infertility can result

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12
Q

Retinol deficiency in poultry

A

Symptoms appear quickly (2-3 wks)
- Pale comb/wattles
- Loss of condition
- Retarded growth
- Ruffled plumage
- General unthriftiness
- Susceptible to infectious diseases
- High mortality rate

Poutry feeds require vitamin A supplement

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13
Q

Hypervititamiosis A (dogs + cats)

A

EX fish liver oil/liver intakes

  • Abnormal bone deposition
  • lameness
  • Vertebral spondylosis
  • Gingivitis
  • Weight loss
  • Poor coat
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14
Q

Hypervitaminosis A (Pigs)

A

Excessive intakes of retinol in pregnant sows may cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets

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15
Q

Vitamin D - the calciferols

A

All steroids qualitatively exhibiting the biological activity of cholecalciferol.

Two most important forms:
- Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D₂) -> derived from the provitamin ergosterol
- Cholecalfierol (Vitamin D₃) -> derived from the provitamin 7-dehydrocholesteral

The provitamins have no vitamin value.
- Must be converted into calciferols before it can be used in the animal

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16
Q

Sources of the calciferols (D)

A
  • Sunlight on skin
  • Fish (oily)
  • Egg yolk
  • Hay (sun dried roughages)
  • Colostrum
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17
Q

Metabolic functions of the calciferols (D)

A
  • Promotes Ca²⁺ absorption from digest in the gut lumen
  • When blood Ca²⁺ concentrations decrease it enhances intestinal absorption of Ca²⁺
  • Stimulates phosphorus uptake from gut + reabsorption of both Ca²⁺ and P from bone and kidney
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18
Q

Calciferol deficiencies

A

Rickets - soft weak deformed bones in young growing animals.

Osteomalacia in adults (weak bones)

Poor egg shell quality and weak bones in poultry

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19
Q

Metabolic functions of Vitamin E - ⍺-tocopherol

A
  • Biological antioxidant
  • Acts with an Se containing enzyme to protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals
  • Important for normal reproductive function, muscular function and capillary integrity
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20
Q

Sources of ⍺-tocopherol

A
  • Little body reserve so dietary intake is important
  • Greed fodder
  • Cereals - but decreases rapidly during storage
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21
Q

⍺-tocopherol deficiencies

A

Nutritional myopathy
- White muscle disease (calves)
- Staff lamb diseases

Cardiac disease
- Mulberry heart disease - pigs/calves

Brain damage - crazy chick disease

Lameness + muscle stiffness
- Tying up (horses)

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22
Q

Vitamin K - quinones

A

Several forms exist e.g
- Phylloquinone
- Menaquinone

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23
Q

Metabolic functions of the quinones (K)

A
  • Essential for the normal clotting of blood
  • Bone + kidney function
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24
Q

Sources of the quinones (K)

A
  • Green, leafy materials
  • Egg yolk, liver + fish
  • Gut bacteria synthesis vitK

Rapidly destroyed by heat + exposure to sunlight

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25
Q

Quinone deficiency (K)

A

Unlikely to occur in cattle, horses or pigs

Usually no dietary requirement for ruminants as microbial population of the rumen can synthesise

Chicks - anaemia + delayed blood clotting

26
Q

B complex vitamins

A

Water soluble
- Minimal body reserves
- Signs of deficiency: sudden onset

Rumen bacteria can synthesise B vitamins in sufficient quantities - deficiency only in pre-ruminant young, sick animals

Metabolism - pathways of cellular respiration + energy transfer; co-enzymes

27
Q

Sources of B complex vitamins

A
  • Liver
  • Yeasts
  • Green foods
  • Cereals
  • MIlk
28
Q

Thiamine - B₁

A

Metabolism - initiation + propagation of nerve impulses

Signs of deficiency:
- Progressive dysfunction of the nervous system
- Paralysis
- Blindness
- Muscular dysfunction
- Loss of appetite
- Emaciation

Ruminants: Bacterial thiaminases produced in disturbed rumen microflora destroy ingested + bacterial thiamine -> deficiency

29
Q

Riboflavin - B₂

A

Cereals a poor source

Metabolism:
- Vital for oxidative phosphorylation and H⁺ transport

Signs of deficiency:
- Pigs: poor appetite + growth, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormalities, infertility + abortion
- Chicks: curled toe paralysis
- Ruminants: inappetence, diarrhoea, mouth lesions

30
Q

The pyridoxines - B₆

A

Deficiency is rare due to wide distribution in many foods + gut microbial synthesis

Signs of deficiency:
- Chicks: neural degeneration + jerky gait

31
Q

Cyanocobalmin - B₁₂

A

Chemical nature - centred around a cobalt atom

Sources:
- Foods of animal origin are primary nutritional source
- Exclusively microbial in origin as long as cobalt present in diet

Metabolism - important coenzyme in cellular respiratory pathways

Signs of deficiency
- Mostly in young animals -> poor growth

32
Q

Metabolic functions of ascorbic acid (C)

A
  • Normal collagen formation
  • Metabolic oxidation + reduction pathways
  • Iron transport
  • Antioxidant
33
Q

Sources of ascorbic acid (C)

A
  • Citrus fruits
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Synthetic

Destroyed by exposure to light + alkali
Only essential in the diet of primates, guinea pigs, fruit bats
Other species synthesis it from glucose

34
Q

Deficiency of ascorbic acid

A
  • Scurvy
  • Muscle/joint pain -> reluctance to move
  • Lethargy
  • Red dots on the skin
  • Bleeding/swelling of gums
  • Diarrhoea
  • Weight loss
  • Rough coat
  • Reduced immune function
35
Q

Essential minerals

A

Essential dietary minerals are divided int o2 groups according to the quantities required by animals:
- Macrominerals (g/d)
- Microminerals (trace elements) (mg/d)

36
Q

Major elements

A
  • Calcium (15 g/kg)
  • Phosphorus (10 g/kg)
  • Potassium (2 g/kg)
  • Sodium (1.6 g/kg)
  • Chlorine (1.1 g/kg)
  • Sulphur (1.5 g/kg)
  • Magnesium ( 0.4 g/kg)
    1.5 Ca: 1P
37
Q

Trace elements

A

Iron (20-60 mg/kg)
Zinc (10-50 mg/kg)
Copper (1-5 mg/kg)
Molybdenum (1-4 mg/kg)
Selenium (1-2 mg/kg)
Iodine (0.3-0.6 mg/kg)
Manganese (0.2-0.5 mg/kg)
Cobalt (<0.1 mg/kg)

38
Q

Calcium and phosphorus

A

Most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth

Physiological regulation of calcium + phosphorus uptake, storage function + excretion are inter related

39
Q

Calcium

A

~99% of body calcium is locked in the structure of bones and teeth

Of the remaining 1%
- 0.9% is contained within the cells of ICF
- 0.1% is contained outside of cells (ECF)
- Of this 0.1%, a small proportion is present in blood plasma

40
Q

Functions of calcium

A
  • Structural component of skeleton
  • Controls cell excitability (nerve/muscle)
  • Regulates muscle contraction
  • Regulates blood coagulation
  • Many enzyme actions
41
Q

Sources of calcium

A

Must take relative availability Ca:P into account - should be in the range of 1:1 to 1:2

Foods which supply an ideal Ca:P ratio:
- Leafy greens
- Hay/silage
- Animal products

Foods containing more P than Ca, requiring artificial ration balancing:
- Bran
- Cereals
- Roots
- Legume + oil seeds

Corrective sources of calcium:
- Limestone flour
- Poultry: soluble grit

Dietary absorption of calcium:
- Milk ~90%
- Other sources ~60%

42
Q

Factors affecting calcium absorption

A
  • Much plant Ca is bound as phyla’s
  • Oxalates bind to Ca to form insoluble salts -> bound in this form, calcium can’t be absorbed by animals
  • Total absorption of dietary Ca+P decreases as dietary concentration becomes excessive
  • High fat diets -> XS dietary free fatty acids bind Ca to form insoluble soaps
  • Enteritis - inflamed mucosa won’t absorb calcium
43
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Sudden decrease in blood calcium concentrates -> homeostatic control sluggish to correct

Acute form:
- Female mammals at the onset/peak of lactation -> high demands of mammary gland for calcium to synthesise milk
- Laying hands -> high calcium demands of eggshell production

44
Q

Hypocalcaemia - milk fever

A
  • Commonly from 1 day before calving to 3 days postpartum
  • High demand for Ca -> lactation
  • High yielding cows in their 3rd and subsequent lactations most susceptible
  • Slow homeostatic adaptation to increased Ca demand -> mechanisms unable to prevent a sudden decrease in blood Ca levels

Signs:
- Flaccid paralysis -> general uneasiness, dullness, paddling, inability to stand, coma, death
- Recumbenecy
- Rumen stasis
- Pupil dilation

45
Q

Chronic hypocalcaemia in growing animals

A

High rate of skeletal growth (^Ca/P demand)

Osteodystrophy = abnormal bone growth
- Deficiencies of Ca, P, vitamin D
- Accompanied with osteoporosis -> loss of Ca+P from bones making hem thinner

Rickets = failure of bone to ossify
- Vitamin D deficiency
- In ruminants a deficiency of either vitamin D or P can cause rickets

46
Q

Causes of chronic hypocalcaemia in growing animals

A

Puppies/kittens:
- Excessive P (secondary Ca deficiency)

Foals:
- Poor artificial rearing
- Gut parasites
- Low hay + high cereal diets (secondary deficiency)

Calves/lambs:
- Failure to supplement dietary Ca, P, vitamin D

47
Q

Hypocalcaemia in adults

A

Except in late pregnancy/lactation, skeletal Ca/P reserves are high -> can be withdrawn if temporary imbalance.

Mobilisation of skeletal Ca/P long term:
- Osteomalacia
- Increased incidence of osetoarthritis

Decreased milk yields

Urethral calculi in male lambs fed high concentrate diet

Horses, goats + pigs -> demineralisation of bones of skull + compensatory collagen deposition causing thickening of the bones

48
Q

Phosphorus

A

Close relationship with Ca in bone metabolism

Sources are the same as calcium

Factors affecting absorption:
- Oxalates + phytates -> much plant P is organically bound as salts of physic acid - in simple stomached animals, little of the phytate is available
- XS dietary Ca or P inhibit the absorption of P or Ca

Signs of deficiency (hypophosphataemia):
- Abnormal bone growth + osteomalacia
- Reduced growth rates
- Pica
- Infertility

49
Q

Magnesium

A

Closely associated with Ca + P

Functions:
- ~70% total body magnesium is present in bone;
- Most common enzyme activator
- Muscle contraction
- Propagation of nerve impulses

Body reserves + NONE + no homeostatic regulation -> dependant on dietary intake to maintain function

50
Q

Sources of magnesium

A
  • All green plants (chlorophyll)
  • Meat + bone
  • Colostrum
  • Magnesite + calcined magnesite

Absorption:
- 20-30% of dietary Mg
- Decreased by high copper + high phytate P intakes

51
Q

Hypomagnesaemia

A

4 major presentations:
1) Calves fed all milk diets
- Milk is a poor source of Mg
- Mg absorption decreases with age
2) Beef cattle + sheep fed on low quality roughage or fodder crops
- Symptoms may occur over several days
- Dullness, hyperasestesia, convulsions, death
3) Lactating cattle + sheep
- Grass staggers = emergency
- Signs: Recumbency, convulsions
4) Subclinical hypmagnesaemia
- Possibility a cause of reduced fertility + milk production in dairy cattle

52
Q

Hypomagnesaemia - grass staggers

A

Predisposing factors:
- Spring:
- Rapid grass growth = Mg uptake by plant
- Grass diarrhoea = faster passage of digest via the gut decreases Mg uptake
- Bad weather -> grass intake reduced as cows shelter
- Fertilesers
- Autumn - gradual decrease in gras Mg
- Year round - stresses which decrease food intake

53
Q

Control/prevention of hypomagnesamia

A

Provide shelter
Introduce to spring grass slowly
Use fertilisers with care + avoid K fertiliser in spring
Provide mineral licks
Top dress pastures
Increase clover in swards
Supplement diet or water with Mg
Mg rumen boluses
Avoid stress

54
Q

Functions of copper

A
  • Important in formation of some plasma proteins
  • Component of other blood proteins + plays role in oxygen metabolism
  • Vital role in may enzyme systems
  • Essential for normal hair, wool + feather pigmentation + crimp in wool
  • Essential for immune function
55
Q

Copper absorption

A
  • CuSO₄ is the most reality absorbed copper salt
  • Metalic copper is poorly absorbed
56
Q

Copper transport + tissue use

A
  • Loosely bound to albumin in the plasma
  • Stored + released from the liver to meet body requirements
57
Q

Copper deficiency

A
  • Anaemia
  • Abnormal bone growth
  • Abnormal hair, feather + wool growth
  • Loss of hair pigmentation
  • Cardiovascular disease

Most common in sheep + cattle

58
Q

Copper deficiency - swayback

A

Affects lamb born to Cu²⁺ deficient ewes.
Failure/degeneration of neural development in the lamb

a) Congenital - stillborn, weak -> ataxia -> paresis + death. Irreversible
b) Delayed onset - normal at birth -> depressed growth rate, rapid onset hindlimb weakness, ataxia -> paresis + death
Can be prevented by parenteral injection of small doses of Cu complexes

59
Q

Copper deficiency in cattle

A

Common 3-9 months of age especially in suckler calves where the dam may not be Cu deficient
Signs:
- Failure to thrive
- Poor growth
- Stiff gait/lameness
- Loss of hair pigment

60
Q

Copper and molybdenum

A
  • Certain pastures are known to cause scouring + unthriftiness in grazing cattle
  • The molybdenum concentration in teart pastures can be 10-50 fold greater than normal
  • Rumen microbes form sulphides which combine with Mo to form thiomolybdate
  • Thiomolybdate binds copper to form copper thiomolybdate - which decreases Cu absorption + causes signs of Cu deficiency, despite adequate dietary Cu provision
61
Q

Copper toxicity

A

Tolerance: Pigs>horses>cattle>sheep

Copper accumulates in liver -> cell necrosis

Signs:
- Jaundice
- Appetite loss
- Hepatic coma + death

62
Q

Copper toxicity in sheep

A

Different copper tolerance between breeds

While sharing a common pasture, North Ronaldsay sheep may demonstrate copper toxicity while the Scottish blackface breed are copper deficient

Liv vet med yr1 (14 decks)

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