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NUTR 3362 > Vitamins & Minerals, Water & Electrolites > Flashcards

Vitamins & Minerals, Water & Electrolites Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Difference between vitamins and minerals

A
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2
Q

Are vitamins energy-yielding?

A
  • Vitamins yield no energy
  • Vitamins facilitate energy-yielding reactions
  • Vitamins promote/regulate processes necessary for growth, reproduction, maintenance of health
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3
Q

Function of a co-enzyme/co-factor

A
  • bind to enzymes to promote their activity
  • used in most metabolic reactions
  • Examples:
  • Thiamin → binds to an enzyme in glycoysis
  • B6 → binds to many enzymes in amino acid metabolism
  • B12 → binds ot an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis
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4
Q

What oxidants/free radicals do?

How do anti-oxidants work?

A
  • Oxidants = Free radicals - Cause oxidative damage throughout the body - Steal electrons form other compounds causing changes in their structure and function
  • Antioxidants - Neutroliye free radicals - Protect agianst oxidative damage
  • Examples - Vit C + E, selenium
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5
Q

Vitamin Functions

A

1. Direct role in body function • Bone health/calcium balance - Vit D → increases calcium absorption

  • Blood Clotting - Vit K → activates clotting cascade
  • Vision - Vit A → part of molecule in eye that reacts to light

**2. Co-enzymes ** • bind to enzymes to promote their activity

  • used in most metabolic reactions
  • Examples: - Thiamin → binds to an enzyme in glycoysis - B6 → binds to many enzymes in amino acid metabolism - B12 → binds ot an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis

**3. Act as anti-oxidants ** • Oxidants = Free radicals - Cause oxidative damage throughout the body - Steal electrons form other compounds causing changes in their structure and function

  • Antioxidants - Neutroliye free radicals - Protect agianst oxidative damage
  • Examples - Vit C + E, selenium
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6
Q

Definition of

deficiency,

toxicity,

EAR,

UL

A

Deficiency
• Absence in diet leads to symptoms
• Will sometimes resolve with addition of vitamin
• Sometimes irreversible (e.g. IDA)

Toxicity
• Ingesting too much leads to symptoms
• Will sometimes resolve with addition of vitamin
• Sometimes irreversible (e.g. Vit A in pregnancy)

EAR
• Estimated Average Requirement
• 50% of population

UL
• Upper Level
• Highest level of itake w/out a toxic reaction

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7
Q

Difference between fortification and enrichment

A

Fortification
• Nutrients added to food
• did not exist originally in the food
• Vit D in Milk

Enrichment
• Nutrients added to food
• lost during processing
• Vitamins in wheat to make white flour

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8
Q

What destroys vitamins in food?

A
  • Light (Riboflavin in milk)
  • Heat (Vitamin C)
  • Alkalinity (Vitamin C)
  • Exposure to oxygen (all)
  • Water-soluble vitamins leach into water
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9
Q

What affects bioavailability of vitamins?

A
  • Specific absorption requirements - Fat-soluble vitamins need dietary fat
  • Molecular structure - Vitamin D2 vs. Vitamin D3 - Folic acid vs. Folate
  • Presence of other nutrients/phytochemicals - Oxalates and phytates in vegetables + grains - Thiaminases (betel nuts, ferns)
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10
Q

Difference between fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins.

– Absorption

A

**Both digested in stomach and duodenum ** • released form food • broken down into absorbable form

**Difference in absorption ** • Water-soluble: absorbed through enterocytes directly into bloodstream

• Fat-soluble: incorporated inot micelles, packed into CM, transported to the lymph

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11
Q

Difference between fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins.

A
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12
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins
– Category

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
  • vitamin A
  • Vitamin K

► DEAK

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13
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

A

B-Vitamins

  • Thiamin B1
  • Riboflavin B2
  • Niacin B3
  • Biotin B5
  • Pyridoxine B6
  • Pantothenic Acid B7
  • Folate
  • Cobalamin B12

Vitamin C

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14
Q

Primary Functions
– Vitamin A

A
  • Vision & eye health
  • Gene expression
  • Embryonic development
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15
Q

Primary function
– Vitamin D

A
  • Calcium absorption
  • Gene expression
  • Other?
  • Cancer prevention?
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16
Q

Primary functions
– Vitamin E

A
  • Antioxidant
  • Protects lipids in cell membranes
  • Reduces risk of heart disease
  • Reduces cancer
  • Reduces Alzheimer’s disease
  • Reduces macular degeneration
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17
Q

Primary functions
– Vitamin K

A
  • Blood clotting
  • Bone health
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18
Q

Primary functions
– Thiamin B1

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Nerve function
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19
Q

Primary funcions

– Riboflavin B2

A
  • Electron acceptor (FDA)
  • Coenzyme (ATP production
  • Vitamin Activation (Folate, Niacin, B6, K)
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20
Q

Primary functions

– Niacin B3

A
  • NAD / NADP
  • Coenzyme (very critical)
  • Energy production
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21
Q

Primary functions

– Panothenic Acid B5

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Fatty Acid synthesis
  • Steroid Hormone synthesis
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22
Q

Primary functions

– B6

A
  • Coenzyme (PLP)
  • Reactions involving N-containing compounds
  • Heme synthesis
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23
Q

Primary functions

– Biotin B7

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • AA’s breakdown
  • Fatty Acid synthesis
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24
Q

Primary functions

– Folate B9

A
  • Important in pregnancy
  • Neural tube formation
  • Development of brain and spinal cord
  • Coenzyme
  • DNA - synthesis
  • AA synthesis
  • if B12 is low: Folate trap
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25
Primary functions -- Cobalamin B12
* Coenzyme * Fat breakdown * Recycle folate * DNA methylation * Homocysteine into methionine
26
Primary functions -- Choline
* Component of Phospholipids * Precursor for Acetylcholine
27
Primary function -- Vitamin C
* Collagen synthesis * Fatty acid breakdown * Neurotransitter synthesis * Enhances iron absorption * Antioxidant
28
Primary food source -- Vitamin A
* liver (beef / fish) * egg yolk * milk * cheese / butter * Beta-carotine as Vit A precursor (carrots, spinach)
29
Primary food source -- Vitamin D
• Salmon
30
Primary food source -- Vitamin E
* Nuts * Seeds
31
Priary food source -- Vitamin K
* Kiwi * Mustard Greens
32
Primary food source -- Thiamin B1
* Pork * Apple * Kiwi * Corn
33
Primary food source -- B2 Riboflavin
• Milk
34
Primary food source -- B3 Niacin
* Walnuts * Peanuts * Pork * Beef * Bread * Corn
35
Primary food source -- B5 Panothenic Acid
• Everything
36
Primary food source -- B6
* Pork * Beef * Trout * Trout
37
Primary food source -- B7 Biotin
* Beef liver * Egg
38
Primary food source -- B9 Folate
* Lentils * Spinach
39
Primary food source -- B12 Cobalamin
• Animal products
40
Primary food source -- Choline
• Egg yolk
41
Primary food source -- Vitamin C
* Orange juice * Strawberries * Broccoli * Citrus fruit
42
Deficiency & Symptoms -- Vitamin A
* Xerophthalmia (night blindness) * Hyperkeratosis (dry / ichy skin) * Poor bone growth * Decreased immunity
43
Deficiecy & Symptoms -- Vitamin D
**Rickets** • severe bone weakness & malformation **Osteomalacia** • adults
44
Deficiency & Symptoms -- Vitamin E
**Hemolytic anemia** • Decreased iron carrying capacity
45
Deficiency & Symptoms -- Vitamin K
**Hemorrhaging** • Newbors:risk
46
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B1 Thiamin
**BeriBeri** * Wasting & Paralysis * Impairment of nervous & muscular system * Weakness + pain * Peripheral neuropathy * Death **Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome** * Impairment of CV system * Cardiac enlargement * Congestive heart failure
47
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B2 Riboflavin
Ariboflavanosis * Mouth, skin, red blood cells * Itchy eyes, rash, glossitis, cheilosis * Delyed wound healing * Sensitivity to light
48
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B3 Niacin
Pellagra 4 D's: * Diarrhea * Dermatitis * Dementia * Death
49
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B5 Panothenic Acid
rare
50
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B6
* Microcytic hypochronic anemia * Convulsions * Depressions * Confusion * Peripheral nerve damage
51
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B7 Biotin
* Nausea * Thinning hair * Depression
52
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B9 Folate
**Neural Tube Deffects** (spina bifida) **Macrocytic anemia** * Anemia * Decreased GI absorption * Diarrhea * Decreased Immune Capacity
53
Deficiency & Symptoms -- B12 Cobalamin
**Macrocytic anemia** **Nerve degeneration** * Peripheral neurophathy * Dementia
54
Deficiency & Symptoms -- Vitamin C
**Scurvy** * Bleeding gums, loos teeth * Skin hemorrhages * Easy bruising * Joint pain * Decreased iron absorption * Depression * Impaired fracture/wound healing **Heart disease?** **Cancer?**
55
Toxicity / Excess -- Vitamin A
* Hypervitaminosis A * Teratogenic (pregnancy)
56
Toxicity / Excess -- Vitamin D
• Hypercalemia
57
Toxicity / Excess -- Vitamin E
• from supplements
58
Toxicity / Excess -- Vitamin K
• Interaction risk w/ Anti-coagulants
59
Toxicity / Excess -- B1 Thiamin
• none established
60
Toxicity / Excess -- B2 Riboflavin
• none established
61
Toxicity / Excess -- B3 Niacin
* from supplement * Niacin flush * Neuropathy
62
Toxicity / Excess -- B5 Panothenic Acid
• rare
63
Toxicity / Excess -- B6
• Pharmaceutical uses
64
Toxicity / Excess -- B7 Biotin
• none established
65
Toxicity / Excess -- B9 Folate
* Toxic effects * May mask B12 deficiency
66
Toxicity / Excess -- B12 Cobalamin
• not defined
67
Toxicity / Excess -- Choline
• Excess from food is unlikely
68
Toxicity / Excess -- Vitamin C
* GI upset * Diarrhea * risk of kidney stones increases
69
Association between Corn, Niacin + Pelagra
* Niacin in corn is bound to protein * Low bioavailability * Soaking in alkaline solutin increases bioavailability * Lime (CaOH) ► Improper preparation resulted in widespread deficiency in US in 1940s-50s
70
Folate Trap
If B12 is dificienct, folate is trapped in its inactive form "The folate trap"!
71
B12 absorption
* B12 is attached to proteins in food * Digestion begins in the stomach * Intrinsic factor secreted by stomach * B12 binds to IF in the duodenum * B12 - IF complex absorbed in the illeum
72
Risk b/c improper B12 absorption
**Low amounts of HCI secreted** **Genetic deficiency of IF** **Damage to stomach** * Ulcer * Aging * Gastric bypass **Damage to small intestine** * Crohn's * Resection
73
Difference b/w Vitamin A (retinoids) and carotenoids
Food sorces for * Retinoids: Animal foods * Carotenoids: Phytochemicals
74
Functions of Water esp. temperature regulation
* Solvent * Metabolism * Transport (blood) * Lubrication / Cushioning * Waste removal * Temperature regulation (sweating, blood flow)
75
Distribution of Water in the body -- % and lbs
* 45-75% of body is water * 99 lbs of water (165-lb man)
76
Distribution of Water -- cellular
* 2/3 intracellular * 1/3 extracellular
77
Alcohol inhibits antidiuredic hormone. What would you expexct to happen?
* Decreased reabsorption * Increased excretion
78

NUTR 3362 (2 decks)

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