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vits and mins Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main presentation of hypomagnesaemia

A

Grass staggers. Emergency, frequent cause of sudden death.
Happens in lactating cattle and sheep when eating grass
Treat by giving magnesium

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2
Q

Signs of grass staggers

A

hyperaesthesia, muscle tremor, convulsion, recumbency and death

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3
Q

What is sub-clinical hypomagnesaemia

A

when animal has just below normal levels of magnesium in the blood. Possibly cause of reduced fertility and milk production in dairy cattle

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4
Q

Why is hypomagnesaemia common in the spring

A

grass is growing rapidly , so magnesium is being uptaken and used by plant
Change of diet as first being put out- grass diarrheoa, so not enough time in gut to uptake magnesium
bad weather, so less time to take in magnesium when sheltering
fertilisers changed how easy it is for animal to get magnesium from grass

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5
Q

How can you control/ prevent hypomagnesium

A

a) Provide shelter
b) Introduce to spring grass slowly
c) Use fertilisers with care & avoid K fertiliser in spring
d) Provide mineral (Mg) licks
e) Top dress pastures (calcined magnesite)
f) Increase clover in swards
g) Supplement diet or water with Mg
h) Mg rumen boluses
i) AVOID STRESS!

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6
Q

What are the trace elements (8)

A

Copper (Cu)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Iodine (I)
Manganese (Mn)
Cobalt (Co)

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7
Q

What vitamin is selenium associated with + what enzyme does it form

A

vitamin E, dutapyramineoxidate?

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8
Q

What is copper used for

A

Important in formation of some plasma proteins (eg. ceruloplasmin)
Component of other blood proteins & plays a role in oxygen metabolism
Vital role in many enzyme systems, eg. component of cytochrome oxidase in oxidative phosphorylation
Essential for normal hair, wool & feather pigmentation & crimp in wool
Essential for immune function

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9
Q

Where is copper stored

A

the liver transported by being loosely bound to albumen in the blood plasma

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10
Q

How is copper absorbed

A

CUSO4 is most easily absorbed copper salt, whereas metallic copper is harder.

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11
Q

signs of copper deficiency

A

Anaemia (impaired RBC formation)
Abnormal bone growth
Abnormal hair, feather & wool growth
Loss of hair pigmentation
Cardiovascular disease

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12
Q

where do herbivores get copper from

A

plants (depend on soil copper levels)

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13
Q

Where do carnivores get there copper from

A

eating other animals (need to eat liver)

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14
Q

copper deficiency in cattle

A

appear spectacled (dark around the eyes)
common 3-9 months
signs : failure to thrive, poor growth, stiff gait/lameness, loss of hair pigment
common 3-9 months of age, especially in suckler calves

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15
Q

too much copper

A

copper toxicity , livers ability to store copper is exceeded, liver explodes and get cell necrosis. Copper spills out into circulation. Liver failure
signs : jaundice (look at sclera of eyes, if yellow)
appetite loss
hepatic coma
pigs > horses > cattle >sheep – order of susceptibility (sheep most)

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16
Q

copper deficiency in sheep

A

sway back = failure/degeneration of normal neural development in lamb
a) congenital = stillbirth, weak, unable to stand or death. irreversible
b) delayed onset = few weeks old. signs, slow growth rate, rapid onset of hind limb weakness death. Can be prevented by parenteral injection of CU complexes.

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17
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic compounds required in very small quantites for normal body function

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18
Q

what are the two classes of vitamins

A

fat soluble and water soluble

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19
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin A

A

retinol

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20
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin D

A

calciferols

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21
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin E

A

tocopherols

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22
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin K

A

quinones

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23
Q

what vitamins are fat soluble

A

A,D,E and K

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24
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

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25
what is the chemical name of vitamin B1
thiamin
26
what is the chemical name of B2
Riboflavin
27
what is the chemical name of vitamin B3
nicotinic acid/niacin
28
what is the chemical name of vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
29
what is the chemical name of B6
pyridoxine
30
what is the chemical name of B7
biotin
31
what is the chemical name of B9
folic acid
32
what is the chemical name of B12
cynaocobalamin
33
what vitamins are water soluble
B complex and C
34
what are provitamins
compounds that act as vitamins only after undergoing chemical change to active form in the body
35
what are vitamin requirements changed by
diet, animal's health and its metabolic state = fast-growing and peak-producing animals have higher requirements than adult animals rapid rates of food passage through the gut = higher vitamin requirement
36
what is concentration of vitamins expressed in
mg/kg
37
what is avitaminosis
total absence of vitamin
38
what is hypovitaminosis
partial lack of vitamin (more common) often see non-specific signs of illness e.g. depressed/poor growth/ poor immune function
39
what is hypervitaminosis
excessive provision of vitamin = only occurs with a few vitamins
40
what is retinols metabolic function
VITAMIN A 1) function and integrity of epithelia and mucous membranes 2) retinal function (combines with opsin to form rhodopsin = needed for night vision) 3) bone growth 4) immune function
41
what is pro-vitamin A and why does absorption vary
beta carotene converted to retinol during absorption through the gut wall ability varies with: age (young animals are poor converters , obtained pre-formed retinol from milk) species (cat cannot convert at all) breed (channel island cattle are poor converters) health (disease affecting the gut wall and liver function)
42
why do animals not need a daily supply of retinol
retinol is stored in the liver
43
what are food sources of retinol and beta carotene
retinol: liver, egg yolk and milk fat beta carotene: plants (grass)
44
what are retinol-deficient foods
cereal grains and meat
45
how does retinol deficiency present in cattle
mild deficiency: rough scaly skin prolonged: night blindness, lachrymation, corneal opacity. Infertility, abortion, retained placenta and still-births intensively reared indoor beef cattle on cereal diets are prone
46
why is retinol deficiency rare in adult cattle
carotenoids acquired from pasture replenish liver stores of vitamin A and can provide retinol cover over winter periods (unless prone to liver or intestinal disease)
47
how does retinol deficiency present in dogs
scurfy, scaly skin, night blindnes and abnormal skeletal growth
48
how does retinol deficiency present in cats
foetal defects apparent and infertility
49
how does retinol deficiency present in poultry
symptoms occur quickly (2-3 weeks) pale comb and wattles, loss of condition, stunted growth, ruffled plumage and general unthriftiness susceptible to infectious diseases and high mortality rate. require vtiamin a supplement
50
how does hypervitaminosis A in dogs and cats present
due to excess fish liver oil or liver intake abnormal bone deposition lameness vertebral spondylosis gingivitis (gum inflamation) weight loss poor coat
51
how does hypervitaminosis A present in pigs
pregnant sows may cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets
52
What is vitamin D made up of
the calciferols - 4 related structures, all steroids that exhibit biological activity of cholecalciferol
53
what are 2 most important forms of the calciferols
- ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) derived from the provitamin ergosterol - cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) derived from the provitamin 7 - dehydrocholesterol provitamins have no vitaminvalue need to be converted using UV light present in sunlight
54
sources of vitamin D
sunlight on skin fish (oily) egg yolk hay - sun-dried roughages colostrum
55
common reasons for vitamin D deficiency
housed animals = no uv radiation no milk drunk
56
what are the calciferols metabolic functions
VITAMIN D - promotes calcium absorption from digesta in the gut lumen when blood Ca2+ conc. decrease enhances intestinal absorption of ca stimulates phosphorus uptake from gut and reabsorption of ca2+ and P frimi bine and kidney = regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body
57
presentation of vitamin D deficiencies
rickets = weak deformed bones in young gorwing animals osteomalacia in adults = weak bones poor egg sell quality and weak bones in poultry
58
what are sources of vitamin E
green fodder (grass, green vegetables) cereals (barely not maize) but decreases during storage body has little reserves so dietary intake is important
59
what is alpha tocopherol metabolic functions
VITAMIN E - biological antioxidant acts in combination with selenium containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase = protect cells from oxidative damages caused by free radicals important for normal reproductive function, muscular function and capillary integrity
60
how does tocopherol deficiency present
VITAMIN E - nutritional myopathy (white muscle disease in calves and stiff lamb disease) - cardiac disease (mulberry heart disease in pigs and calves) - brain damage (crazy chick disease) - lameness and muscle stiffness
61
what are two types of vitamin K
quinones: - phyllquinone -menaquinone
62
sources of vitamin K
green leafy materials egg yolk liver and fish gut bacteria do synthesise but rapidly destroyed by heat and exposure to sunlight
63
what are the quinones metabolic functions
VITAMIN K essential for normal clotting of blood bone and kidney function
64
what are quinones signs of deficiency
VITAMIN K unlikely to occur i cattle, horses or pigs ruminants = microbial population can synthesise = no dietary requirements in chicks = anaemia and delayed clotting of blood
65
why do ruminants not have vitamin B deficiencies
rumen bacteria can synthesise b vitamins in sufficient quantities so deficiency only in pre-ruminant young, sick animals
66
what are B complex vitamins metabolised for
pathways of cellular respiration and energy transfer, making co-enzymes water soluble so are minimal body reserves = deficiencies are sudden onset
67
what are sources of b complex vitamins
liver, yeasts, green foods, cereals and milk
68
what is thiamine metabolised for
VITAMIN B1 used for initiation and propagation of nerve impulses
69
thiamine deficiency presentation
-progressive dsyfunction of the nervous system paralysis blindess muscular dysfunction loss of appetite emaciation (abnormally thin and weak)
70
why are disturbed rumens more likely to have thiamine deficiency and symptoms of CCN
bacterial thiaminases are produced in disturbed rumen microflora that destroy ingested and bacterial thiamine very dangerous presents as cerebro-cortical necrosis : blindess inco-ordination staggering recumbency paddling death
71
what is riboflavin metabolised for
VITAMIN B2 poor source = cereals metabolism : vital for oxidative phosphorylation and H+ transport
72
signs of riboflavin deficiency in pigs
poor appetie and growth, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormalities, infertility and abortion
73
what are signs of riboflavin deficiency in chicks
VITAMIN B2 curled toe paralysis due to neural degradation
74
signs of riboflavin deficiency in ruminants
poor appetite, diarrhoea and mouth lesions VITAMIN B2
75
signs of the pyridoxines deficiency
VITAMIN 6 rare deficiency due to wide distribution in many foods and gut microbial synthesis in chicks : neural degeneration and jerky gait
76
sources of cyanocobalamin
liver, meat, milk exclusively microbial in gut (gut flora) as long as colbalt present in diet = chemical nature is centred around a cobalt atom B12
77
metabolism of cyanocobalamin
B12 important coenzyme in cellular respiration pathways
78
signs of deficiency of cyanocobalamin
mostly young animals poor growth
79
sources of ascorbic acid
VITAMIN C citrus fruits green, leafy vegies synthetic
80
metabolic functions of ascorbic acids
VITAMIN C normal collagen formation metabolic oxidation and reduction pathways iron transport antioxidant
81
what species is vitamin C essential in
primates guinea pigs fruit bats other species can synthesise it from glucose
82
signs of vitamin c deficiency
scurvy muscle/joint pain red dots on skin bleeding and gum swelling diarrhoea weight loss rough hair coat reduced immune function
83
what are macro minerals
major elements found in higher quantities in animal body level measured in g/day
84
what are micro minerals
trace elements found in lower level in animal body levels measured in mg/day
85
what are the major elements
calcium phosphorus potassium sodium chlorine sulphur amgnesium
86
ratio of calcium to phosphorous
1.5:1
87
what are calcium and magnesium used for
most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth
88
where is calcium stored in the body
99% is stored in bones and teeth remaining 1% - 0.9% in ICF -.1% in the ECF 0.1% in ECF some rpesent in blood plasma: either bound to proteins and organic acids or present in free ionic calcium
89
what are functions of calcium
structural component of skeleton (dynamic) controls cell excitability (nerves and muscles) regulates muscle contraction regulates blood coagulation many enzymes actions rigid homeostatic control of plasma Ca2+ concentrations by vitamin D and hormones
90
sources of calcium (and phosphorous)
foods that keep Ca:P in ideal ratio leafy greens hay/silage animal products (milk, meat and eggs)
91
food that contain more P than Ca and require artificial ration balancing
bran cereals roots legume and oil seeds
92
corrective sources of calcium
limestone flour poultry = soluble grit
93
factors affecting calcum absorption
- plant calcium bound as phytates (prevents absorption in monogastrics but rumen microbes can release) oxalates bind to calcium to form insoluble salts and prevent calcium being absorbed by animals total absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus decreases as dietary concentration becomes excessive high fat diets = excess dierary free fatty acids bind to calcium (and mg) to form insoluble soaps enteritis: inflamed mucosa will not absorb calcium
94
calcium deficiency causes
HPYOCALCAEMIA occurs if sudden decrease in blood calcium - homeostatic control takes longer to correct acute form: short space of time common in ifemale mammals at onsett/peak of lactation : high demands of mammary gland for calcium to synthesise milk l laying hens : high calcium demands of eggshell production
95
how does hypocalcaemia present in dairy cow
milk fever common from 1 day pre birth to 3 days post due to lactation more common if have had calves before as produce more milk
96
symptoms of milk fever
flaccid paralysis (progressive) = general uneasiness, dullness, constipation, inability to stand, coma and death recumbency rumen stasis (smooth muscle cannot contract = bloat) pupil dilation
97
what happens in chronic hypocalcaemia
common in growing animals due to high rate of skeletal growth - osteodystrophy (abnromal bone growth) accompanied by osetoporosis (loss of Ca and P from bones to make them thinner and weaker = more fractures) - rickets = failure of bone to ossify (vitamin D deficiency, in ruminants deficiency of vitamin D or P can cause rickets as well)
98
factors affecting phosphorus absorption
oxalaes and phytates (bound so simple stomached animals cannot access) if excess calcium, inhibits phosphorus absorption,, if excess phosphorus then inhibits calcium absorption
99
signs of phosphorus deficiency
HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA - abnormal bone growth and osteomalacia reduced growth raths abnormal appeties (bone/wood chewing)
100
magnesium functions
mostly present in bone most common enzyme activator muscle contraction propagation of nerve impulses no body reserves and no homeostatic regulation (depend on dietary intake to maintain function )
101
sources of magnesium
green plants (cholorphyll) meat and bone colostrum megnesite decreased absorption if high copper or high phtate P intakes
102
4 major reasons for hypomagnesaemia
1) calves fed unsupplemented all milk diets (poor source of mg) 2) beef cattle and sheep fed on low quality roughae or fodder crops (symptoms may occur over several days: dullness, hyperasthesia, convulsions and death) 3) lactating cattle and sheep = grass staggers (muscle tremor, recumbency, convulsions, sudden deaths) 4) sub-clinical hypomagnesaemia : cause of reduced fertility and milk production in dairy cattle
103
signs of copper deficiency
anaemia (impaired RBC formation) abnormal one growth abnormal hair, feather and wool growth loss of hair pigmentation CV disease
104
danger of copper and molybdenum
if pasture contains lots of molybdenum = teart pastures rumen microbes form sulphides which combine with MO to form thiomolybdate. Then binds with copper to form copper thiomolybdate. This decreases Cu absorption and causes signs of copper deficiency even if sufficient copper provision = secondary copper deficiency
105
dangers of too much copper
copper accumulates in liver and causes cell necrosis signs: jaundice, appetite loss, liver coma and death pigs most tolerant then horse, cattle and least sheep

animal husbandry and welfare (7 decks)

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