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Biological Anthropology > Vocab 1-5 > Flashcards

Vocab 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropology?

A

Is the study of humankind, viewed from the perspective of all people and all times

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2
Q

What is biological anthropology?

A

biological anthropology is the study of human biological evolution and human biocultural variation.

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3
Q

What makes Humans so different from other animals?

A

The six key attributes developed that make us unique: bipedalism, nonhoning chewing, complex material culture and tool use, hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods

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4
Q

How do biological anthropologists know what they know?

A

By the scientific method + They examine the cultures, languages, archeological remains, and physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world.

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5
Q

What are the 4 branches or subdiciplines:

A

Cultural anthropology, archeology, linguistic anthropology, and biological anthropology

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6
Q

What does cultural anthropologist study?

A

living population, often spends time living with cultural groups to gain more intimate perspectives on those cultures

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7
Q

What do archeologists study?

A

past human behaviors by investigating material remains that humans leave behind, such as buildings and other structures

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8
Q

What does Linguistics study?

A

all aspects of language and language use

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9
Q

What does biological anthropology study?

A

Human Variation and Evolution

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10
Q

What do cultural anthropologists typically study?

A

present-day societies in non-western settings such as Africa, South America, or Australia

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11
Q

Culture

A

defined as learned behavior transmitted from person to person

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12
Q

Artifacts

A

material objects from past cultures, such as weponary and ceramics

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13
Q

Archeologists are what

A

they are the cultural anthropologists of the past

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14
Q

Language

A

defined as a set of written or spoken symbols used by humans to refer to things

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15
Q

What is a popular subfield of linguistic anthropologists?

A

Sociolinguistics

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16
Q

What is sociolinguistics?

A

the investigation of languages social context

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17
Q

What is biological anthropology sometimes called?

A

physical anthropology

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18
Q

What is physical anthropology?

A

deals with evolution of and variation among human beings and their living past relatives

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19
Q

What are humans?

A

humans are biocultural both biological and cultural

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20
Q

What role do medical anthropologists have?

A

They are the key players in addressing disease outbreaks in a range of settings worldwide such as West Africa by the Ebola outbreak

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21
Q

What is your biological makeup determined by?

A

genes

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22
Q

What is the human genome

A

all genetic material in a person-includes some 20,000 or so genes

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23
Q

What is your biological makeup influenced by?

A

your environment

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24
Q

What do biological Anthropologist do?

A

travel to places throughout the U.S. and around the world to investigate populations

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25
Q

What do some bio anthropologists study?

A

living people or extinct and living species of our nearest biological relatives, primates such as lemurs, monkeys, and apes

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26
Q

What is bipedalism?

A

Walking on two feet

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27
Q

What is unique in humans in which they process food?

A

nonhoning canine

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28
Q

What bone is unique in hominins and reflects their ability to speak?

A

Hyoid bone

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29
Q

What is Material Culture?

A

the part of culture that is expressed as material objects that humans use to manipulate environments

Ex: hammers and nails

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30
Q

what are the only things that humans can do?

A

we are the only ones that can communicate by talking

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31
Q

What are the key attributes of humanness

A

Hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods

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32
Q

Social learning

A

provides a means of accumulating and maintaining knowledge over many generations

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33
Q

What is the order of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Observations
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Predictions
    4.Test
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34
Q

What is a theory?

A

to scientist a theory is an explanation grounded in a great deal of evidence

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35
Q

What is scientific law?

A

a irrefutable statement

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36
Q

A biological anthropologist would be most likely to study…

A

The evolution of humans or other primates

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37
Q

What is influenced both by genes and by environmental factors?

A

Biological makeup

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38
Q

What is not unique to humans?

A

large, honing canine teeth specialized for shredding food

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39
Q

In the scientific method, a theory is supported by

A

rigorous testing of hypothesis

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40
Q

Franz Boas helped establish that human societies

A

are influenced by both biology and culture

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41
Q

Arboreal

A

Tree dwelling- adaptive to living in trees

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42
Q

Empirical

A

verified through observation and experiment

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43
Q

Hominins

A

Humans and human like ancestors

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44
Q

Morphology

A

physical shape and appearence

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45
Q

Primates

A

a group of mammals in the order primates that have complex behavior varied forms of locomotion and a unique suite of traits, including large brains, forward facing eyes, fingernails and reduced snouts

46
Q

How did the theory of evolution come to be?

A

In developing his theory of evolution by means of natural selection, Darwin drew on geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and what is now called evolutionary biology.

47
Q

What was Darwin’s contribution to the theory of evolution?

A

Darwin’s key contribution was the principle of natural selection. Three principles allowed him to deduce that natural selection is the primary driver of evolution:

1.number of adults in a population tends to remain the same over time

2.variation exists among members of populations

3.individuals having variation that boosts survival and reproduction increase in relative frequency over time

48
Q

What has happened since Darwin in the development of our understanding of evolution?

A

That Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance which is the basis for our understanding of how physical attributes are passed from parents to offspring

49
Q

What is Mendel’s revelation

A

Attributes are passed as discrete units, which we know as genes thanks to him we understand genetics

50
Q

How does genetic changes in a population or species occur?

A

by one or more of four causes:

1.natural selection
2. mutation
3.gene flow
4. genetic drift

51
Q

What is the blueprint for all biological characteristics and functions

A

DNA

52
Q

Which Idea did not help Darwin form his theory of evolution?

A

Parents get new traits through their actions and pass them to offspring

53
Q

Which observation supports the principle of natural selection?

A

Trait variants that help organisms survive to reproduce become more common in a population over time

54
Q

How would Lamarckism explain why the giraffe has a long neck?

A

A giraffe’s neck grows as it stretches to reach food, and this trait passed on to offspring

55
Q

Today we know that ______ pass on traits

A

genes

56
Q

The evolutionary synthesis combines natural selection with

A

genetics

57
Q

Adaptation

A

Changes in physical structure, function or behavior that allows an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment

58
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches

59
Q

Allele

A

one or more alternative forms of a gene

60
Q

Bleeding inheritance

A

An outdated refuted theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parents phenotypes

61
Q

Catastrophism

A

The doctrine asserting the cataclysmic events ( such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods), rather than evolutionary process are responsible for geologic changes throughout earths history

62
Q

Chromosomes

A

The strands of genetic material (DNA) found in the nucleus of multicelled organisms that contain hundreds or thousands of genes

63
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A double stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism, consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four types of nitrogen bases

64
Q

Dominant allele

A

an allele that is expressed in an organisms phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present

65
Q

evolutionary synthesis

A

A unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

66
Q

gemmules

A

As proposed by charles darwin, the units of inheritance, supposedly accumulated in the gametes so they could be passed on to offspring

67
Q

gene flow

A

Admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations

68
Q

Genetic drift

A

The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next with greater effect in small populations

69
Q

genomics

A

study of an organisms entire set of genes or genome

70
Q

genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism;the combination of alleles for a given gene

71
Q

genus

A

a group of related species

72
Q

geology

A

study of earths physical history

73
Q

Hybridization

A

Process of interbreeding between members of different species

74
Q

Lamarckism

A

the theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on features acquired during its lifetime

75
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

The basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment

76
Q

Mutation

A

A random change in gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous

77
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population

78
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of extinct life forms through the analysis of fossils

79
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment

80
Q

Population genetics

A

A specialty within the field of genetics that focuses on the changes in gene frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution

81
Q

recessive allele

A

Allele that is expressed in an organisms phenotype if two copies are present but is masked if the dominant allele is present

82
Q

taxonomy

A

the classification of organisms into a system that reflects degrees of relatedness

83
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the theory that processes that occurred in the geological past are will at work today

84
Q

What is genetic code

A

DNA that is packaged in chromosomes

85
Q

What provides most of the genetic code?

A

Nuclear DNA

86
Q

What does genetic code do?

A

DNA serves the chemical template for its own replication and for the creation of proteins

87
Q

What is the first step to producing new cells

A

DNA replication

88
Q

Explain Mitosis

A

Produces two identical somatic cells

46 chromosomes in 23 homologous pairs

89
Q

Explain Meiosis

A

Produces 4 gametes in humans, each has 23 chromosomes

90
Q

What is the genetic basis for human variation?

A

A gene is a linear sequence of nucleotides that codes for specific bodily structures and functions. Each gene has a particular locus on each chromosome.

91
Q

Which is true about gametes (sex cells) ?

A

Gametes pass the genetic code from parent to offspring

92
Q

What process is necessary for both Mitosis and meiosis to occur?

A

DNA replication

93
Q

What is not a role played by a type of RNA in protein synthesis?

A

pRNA is the product of chemically linked amino acids

94
Q

For a Mendelian trait that is not codominant, an individual with a heterozygous genotype will express

A

the dominant phenotype

95
Q

Human heights are affected by many genes, so it is a

A

omnigenic

96
Q

Adenine

A

nitro base that make up DNA and RNA pairs with thymine

97
Q

Mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can all

A

Change allele frequency in a population

98
Q

A population at equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg law

A

is not evolving with respect to a given gene

99
Q

Evolutionary fitness measures

A

Reproductive success

100
Q

Why is the heterozygous sickle-cell genotype common only in malarial regions?

A

Immunity to malaria outweighs the fitness risk of the sickle- cell allele

101
Q

Gene flow involves

A

members of one species only

102
Q

Is race valid, biologically meaningful concept?

A

Race is a typological leftover that is neither a useful nor an appropriate biological concept.
Human variation is clinal. In general, traits do not correlate in their distribution.

103
Q

What do growth and development tell us about human varriation?

A

Differentiation and development of all the body’s organs occur during the parental stage of life

104
Q

How do people adapt to environmental extremes?

A

Most functional adaptations—adaptations that occur during the individual’s lifetime—have important implications for evolution.

105
Q

Which is true about race?

A

Race is socially constructed and is not a biological concept

106
Q

Which is an example of a physiological adaptation to climate?

A

Vasodilation of blood vessels in response to temperature

107
Q

What reproductive benefit from reduced absorption of UV radiation could be driving natural selection for dark skin?

A

Protection of stored folate

108
Q

Which is a developmental adaptation to high altitude hypoxia?

A

Growth of an expanded chest during childhood

109
Q

The nutrition transition refers to the

A

shift from eating local foods to eating highly processed foods

110
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

The principle that an animals size is heat related; smaller boddies are adapted to hot environments and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments

111
Q

diaphysis

A

main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each diaphysis contains a medullary cavity

112
Q

Wolffs law

A

The principle that bone is placed in the direction of function demand; that is, bone develops where needed and receded where it is not needed

Biological Anthropology (2 decks)

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