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Biological Anthropology > FINAL Review > Flashcards

FINAL Review Flashcards

1
Q

Opposable Thumbs

A

Refers to primates thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability (both power and precision grips)

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2
Q

Diurnal

A

Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during day-light hours

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3
Q

Dental formula

A

the numerical description of a species teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

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4
Q

Tooth comb

A

Anterior teeth (incisors and canines) that have been tilted forward, creating a scraper

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5
Q

Prehensile tail

A

a tail that acts as a kind of hand for support in trees, common in New World Monkeys

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6
Q

Brachiators

A

organisms that move by brachiation, or arm-swinging

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7
Q

Polygynous

A

a diffrence in a physical attribute between members of a species

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8
Q

Dimorphism

A

a diffence in a physical attribute between members of a species

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9
Q

Polyandrous

A

refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female, several adult makes, and their offspring

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10
Q

Sexual selection

A

the frequency of traits that change due to those traits attractiveness to members of the opposite sex

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11
Q

Kin selection

A

Altruistic behaviors that increase the donor’s inclusive fitness, that is, the fitness of the donor’s relatives

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12
Q

Bilophodont molars

A

refers to lower molars, in Old World Monkeys, that have two ridges

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13
Q

Y-5 Molars

A

hominoids pattern of lower molar cusps

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14
Q

Habituation

A

you transform their (primates) behavior by making them tolerate your presence

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15
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships among organisms; important basis for identifying and classifying organisms

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16
Q

Taxonomy

A

the classification of organisms into a system that reflects degree of relatedness

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17
Q

Analogous characters

A

Similar traits due to convergent evolution, not genetic relation

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18
Q

Homologous characters

A

Similar traits due to common descent

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19
Q

Ancestral characters

A

Homologous characters that appear early in the evolution of a lineage

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20
Q

Derived characters

A

Homologous traits that appear later in the evolution of a lineage

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21
Q

Anthropoidea

A

Includes both Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys) and Catarrhines (Old World Monkeys); exhibit larger brains, higher levels of sexual dimorphism, more social complexity, enclosed bony eye-sockets, and fewer teeth

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22
Q

Prosimian

A

Suborder of primates that exhibit a large reliance on sense of smell, have a combination of nails ad claws, lack complex social behaviors, are mostly nocturnal, and most have tooth combs

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23
Q

Catarrhine

A

(an infraorder); category pertains to Old World Monkeys and Apes. It is characterized by a wide range of habitats throughout Africa and Asia, but mostly live in tropics or subtropics. The primates in this group can be either terrestrial or arboreal

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24
Q

Platyrrhine

A

(an infraorder); category of New World Monkeys, word stems from “flat nose” these monkeys are found in the New World (Americas), and spend a lot of time in the trees. New World Monkeys are the only group that can exhibit prehensile tails. Their dental formula is 2133, with an extra premolar compared to catarrhines

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25
Q

Hominoid

A

(superfamily); includes lesser and Great Apes; no members of this group have tails

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26
Q

Folivore

A

a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves

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27
Q

Fossil

A

Remains of once-living organisms that have wholly or partially transformed into rock through a long process of chemical replacement

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28
Q

Taphonomy

A

The study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environment condition affecting their preservation

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29
Q

Stenod Law of Superposition

A

The principle that the lower in stratum, the older the age of each successive layer

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30
Q

Relative Dating

A

The arrangement of artifacts or events in a sequence relative to one another but without ties to calendrically measures time

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31
Q

Absolute Dating

A

The determination of the age of an object with reference to a specific timescale, such as a fixed calendar or in years before present (BP), based on measurable physical or chemical qualities or associations with written records; also called chronometric dating

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32
Q

Generic Dating

A

Method of dating using DNA in order to determine a chronology showing the amount of time since two species diverged in their evolution (the molecular clock)

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33
Q

Arboreal Hypothesis

A

The proposition that primates unique suite of traits is an adaptation to living in trees

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34
Q

Visual Predation Hypothesis

A

The proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations to prying on insects and small animals

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35
Q

Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis

A

The proposition that certain primate traits occurred in response to the availability of fruit and flowers following the spread of angiosperms

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36
Q

Sivapithecus

A

A genus of Miocene apes thought to be ancestral orangutans

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37
Q

Gigantopithecus

A

A genus of Miocene apes from Asia, the largest primate that ever lived

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38
Q

Honing complex in apes

A

The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed

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39
Q

Piltdown Hoax

A

Hoax in which bone fragments of a modern ape paired with human skull were passed off as evidence of the earliest human ancestor as a “missing link”

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40
Q

Oldowan Complex

A

2.5 mya, the stone tool culture associated with late gracile and robust australopithecines and early Genus Homo
- includes primitive chopper tools (cores, flakes, and hammerstones). Used for hunting, confrontational scavenging, and passive scavenging

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41
Q

Acheulean Complex

A

1.5 mya - 250 kya, the stone tool culture associated with Homo erectus, including handaxes and other types of stone tools; more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools

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42
Q

Handaxe

A

The most dominant tool in the Acheulean complex, bifacial symmetrically worked pear-shaped stone tool characterized by a sharp edge for both cutting and scraping

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43
Q

Wallace Line

A

Deep water trench representing an abrupt limit of distribution for many major animal groups including Homo erectus

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44
Q

Movius Line

A

a theoretical line proposed by Movius; the limits of Acheulean handaxe technology; likely bamboo or other perishable tool technologies on the other side of this line

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45
Q

Mousterian Tools

A

the stone tool culture in which Neandertals produced tools using the Levallois technique

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46
Q

Levallois Technique

A

a distinctive method of stone tool production used during the Middle Paleolithic, in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core

47
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

Refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by micro-blades and composite tools and other types of tools with various functions worked from bone and antler

48
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

Nicknamed “the Hobbit” because of its small size, possibly a new species of Homo found on the Indonesian island of Flores

49
Q

Kennewick Man

A

skeletal remains of a Paleoindian found in Washington State and is at the center of controversy over cultural descendant versus scientific rights

50
Q

Clovis culture

A

Earliest Native American culture of North America: stone tool technology known for large, fluted, bifacial stone projectile points used as spear points for big game hunting

51
Q

Domestication

A

The process of converting wild animals or wild plants into forms that humans can care for and cultivate

52
Q

Dental caries

A

A disease process that creates demineralized areas in dental tissues, that lead to cavities

53
Q

Cribra Orbitalia

A

porosity (sponginess) in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by iron deficient diet, parasite infection, or genetic disease

54
Q

Porotic Hyperostosis

A

Expansion and porosity of the cranial bones due to anemia caused by iron deficient diet, parasite infection, or genetic disease

55
Q

Treponematoses

A

A group of related diseases caused by the bacteria Treponema which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium

56
Q

Periosteal reaction

A

Inflammatory response of a bone’s outer covering due to bacterial infection or to trauma

57
Q

What are the three major adaptive tendencies shared by primates?

A

arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, and high level of parental investment

58
Q

How the arboreal adaptation in primates has shaped their vision

A

primates have their eyes rotated forward to the front of their heads, and as a result, the visual fields of the eyes overlap. Primates also have color vision, which is imperative for spotting insects and prey within the surrounding vegetation. With our increased reliance on vision, we also developed fully enclosed eye orbits (except for prosimians).

59
Q

How the arboreal adaptation in primates has shaped their hands

A

Primate hands are also highly developed for arboreal locomotion. One of the most important attributes is the opposable thumbs and toes (in non-human primates); the opposable thumb helps primates have many types of grips (precision and power). Primates also have an enhanced sense of touch increased by the dermal ridges on the surfaces of feet and hands, and the presence of nails help to spread out the forces exerted on primate hands from gripping.

60
Q

How the arboreal adaptation in primates has shaped their spines

A

The spines of primates are highly flexible, allowing for a wide range of movement. Because the spine is highly flexible, we can bend, twist, and stretch in order to strategically move through the trees.

61
Q

How the arboreal adaptation in primates has shaped their hind limbs

A

Primates also exhibit hindlimb dominated locomotion, focusing a lot of the load bearing on the hindlimbs, making it easier to use primate upper limbs for other tasks

62
Q

What are the two major ways scientists observe non-human primate behavior?

A

Scientists observe non-human primate behavior in primate fieldwork (out in the field) or from captive studies (within a lab).

63
Q

Advantages of Primate Fieldwork

A

observe in the most normal conditions possible

64
Q

Advantages of Captive Studies

A
  • Cheap
  • Convenient
  • Animals are always there and do not flee
  • Controlled experimental conditions
65
Q

Disadvantages of Primate Fieldwork

A
  • ‘naturalness’ is an illusion
  • Can cause habituation for the primates
  • Generally hard working conditions
  • Issues of placement, protection, support, and physical geography
  • Animals are hard to locate
  • Need several years of data to get enough information
  • Expensive
66
Q

Disadvantages of Captive Studies

A
  • Primates may be from very different wild conspecifics:
    o Could be provisioned, meaning exercising less and eating more than in normal conditions
    o Social group size is often determined by number of animals in the zoo
    o Intensive human interaction can teach animals behaviors not found in the wild
67
Q

Boundary Maintenance

A

using vocalization to maintain boundaries of the group’s living area to keep others out or warn others about crossing into the area controlled by another primate or group of primates

68
Q

Predator Warnings

A

using vocalizations to let others know about predators and keep the group safe in some way or warn of danger; example: Diana monkeys in Cote d’Ivoire having a different predator warning as determined by if the predator is terrestrial or aerial

69
Q

In which types of groups do we see the biggest difference is sizes between males and females?

A

single-male (multi-female) groupings and multi-male (multi-female) groupings of primates.

70
Q

Explain the relationship between sexual dimorphism and mate competition.

A

In primate groups where there is a lot of mate competition, sexual dimorphism (in body size and canine size) will be more pronounced. This reflects the fact that to compete for females successfully, males must be big and aggressive. In populations with low levels of mate competition, features are not as dimorphic because there is less need to exert bodily energy for these characteristics.

71
Q

How does a living organism come to be preserved as a fossil?

A

The organism must be buried shortly after death in an anaerobic environment (or one as close to anaerobic as possible) to retard the process of bacterial decay, in soils that are non-acidic, and areas where there is limited geologic activity

72
Q

How are fossils discovered by modern humans and why are fossils discoveries so rare?

A

Most often, fossils are found as the result of archaeological excavations (digging them up) at locations often revealed by forces of geologic erosion allowing scientists to somewhat accurately date through stratigraphic analysis. Short of ideal geologic conditions, finding fossils is an extremely difficult process given Steno’s Law and the fact that to get to very old materials one must dig through many layers of stratigraphy to get to areas where the fossils lay.

73
Q

Stratigraphic Correlation

A

Relative Dating Method
Rocks and Fossils in layers of strata of earth
Present to millions of years in the pas

74
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Absolute Dating Method
Tree rings
Present to 8,000 to 10,000 years ago

75
Q

Radiocarbon Dating

A

Absolute Dating Method
Organic material
50,000 years ago to about 1950

76
Q

Electron Spin Resonance Dating

A

Absolute Dating Method
Fossilized bones and teeth
A few thousand to more than a million years ago

77
Q

Paleomagnetic Dating

A

Absolute Dating Method
Sedimentary and igneous rock containing metal grains
Present to several million years ago

78
Q

Radiopotassium Dating

A

Absolute Dating Method
Volcanic rock and ash
200,000 to several million years ago

79
Q

When did MAMMAL ancestors with the distinctive features of this group emerge?

A

emerge in the Mesozoic (Cretaceous Period) * Therapsids: Small (mouse size) * Larger brains relative to reptiles esp. the cerebrum * Endothermic * Viviparous * Heterodont

80
Q

When did PRIMATE ancestors with the distinctive features of this group emerge?

A

(~66 Mya Eocene) Pleisadapiformes (Purgatorius)* Teeth suggest diet of insects and fruit - Very anatomically primitive features: * Claws, no opposable big toe, small brain, no postorbital bar, large rodent-like incisors

81
Q

When did PROSIMIAN ancestors with the distinctive features of this group emerge?

A

(~60 Mya Eocene) - Adapids: somewhat squirrel-like in size and appearance - grasping hands and feet -brains and eyes were becoming larger

82
Q

When did ANTHROPOIDEA ancestors with the distinctive features of this group emerge?

A

(32- 29 Mya Eocene) - Omomyids, Eosimians (Aegyptopithecus): anatomy of jaw, teeth and tarsal bones suggest anthropoid * Dental formula: 2123 * Sagittal crest * Larger brain * Arboreal quadruped

83
Q

When did PLATYRRHINE ancestors with the distinctive features of this group emerge?

A

(~26 Mya late Oligocene) - Branisella: Characterized by a combination of 3 premolar and 3 upper molars with a four-cusp chewing surface

84
Q

When did HOMINOIDEA ancestors with the distinctive features of this group emerge?

A

(~22-17 Mya Miocene) - Proconsulids (Morotopithecus) Y-5 molars, somewhat short stiff backs, suspensory shoulder, a small brain, and a diet of leaves and other vegetation

85
Q

When did HOMINID ancestors with the distinctive features of this group first emerge?

A

(5-6 Mya Pliocene) -Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin: bipedal, large brains, material culture, prolonged fetal dependence, slow development, thick tooth enamel, small canines, large molars

86
Q

“Schlepping” hypothesis

A

bipedalism allowed for the freeing up of the hands for caring stuff including food, tools and offspring

87
Q

Long view hypothesis

A

bipedalism allowed for individuals to see over tall grasses and through tress in order to locate prey as well as potential predators

88
Q

Heat dissipation hypothesis

A

bipedalism allowed for a more efficient means of heat distribution and dissipation which provided for greater energy efficiency

89
Q

What are the two aspects of hominid evolution that come into a conflict referred to as the “obstetric dilemma?”

A

a larger brain (large brains need big heads) and a narrow pelvis (needed for obligate bipedalism).

90
Q

What is one of the ways that the “obstetric dilemma is solved in humans?

A

more altricial newborns (early births)

91
Q

What are four qualities that predispose some animals for domestication?

A

1 Flexible diet
2 Reasonably fast growth rate
3 Ability to breed in captivity
4 Pleasant disposition
5 Temperament not given to panic

92
Q

When during the fossil record do we start seeing significant expansion in cranial capacity?

A

Large, gradual increases in brain size began with the emergence of the genus Homo in the Pleistocene.

93
Q

Give 2 examples of ways that the fossils in Asia and Africa that are contemporary to the Neandertals differ from these fossil Europeans.

A

smaller brow ridges and non-projecting mid-face.

94
Q

Prosimian Dvision

A

*Reliance on sense of smell
*Lack of complex social behavioral patterns
*Mostly nocturnal
*Tooth comb
*Propithecus, Indri,
*Daubentonia, Tarsius

95
Q

Platyrhinne Division

A

New World Monkeys
*“Flat Noses”
*Arboreal
*Prehensile tails
Ateles, Alouatta,
Callithrix,
Leontopithecus

96
Q

Cercopithecoid Division

A

*Old World Monkeys (Africa, Asia, Europe)
*Non-prehensile tails
*Some arboreal, some terrestrial
*Ischial tuberosity: butt pad
*Papio, Pilicolobus, Chlorocebus,
* Macaca

97
Q

Hominoid Division

A

*Lesser and Great Apes
*No tails
*Rotationing, suspensory shoulders for brachiating
*Social complexity
*Hylobates, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan

98
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Caused by mutations and this mutation causes the population with the new mutations to flourish

EX: different species of finches all derived from a single common ancestor

99
Q

Hominid Timeline

A

Pliopithecus
Australopithecus
Homo Erectus
Early Homo Sapiens
Neanderthal
Modern Homo Sapiens

100
Q

Monkeys vs Apes:

A

Apes:
larger
Vertical posture
No tail
Bigger brain
Grow slow
Narrow shoulder
Y-5 molar

Monkeys:
Many interspecies because they grow faster
Smaller
Vertical posture
Tail
Smaller brain
Grow faster
Broader shoulder
Bilophodont molar

101
Q

Neandertal admixture is present in modern Human genes today

A

true

102
Q

The Out of Africa model presumes H. Sapien evolved from local H. erectus population

A

false

103
Q

Homo Erectus is NOT found in

A

new world- brazil

104
Q

Acheulean tools are associated with

A

homo erectus

105
Q

Neandertal have a wide nasal aperture

A

true

106
Q

Neandertal are adapted to warm climate

A

true

107
Q

Neandertal associated with mousterian tools

A

true

108
Q

Old World Monkeys dental formula

A

2-1-2-3

109
Q

New World Monkeys dental formula

A

2-1-3-3 or 2-1-2-3

110
Q

Apes and Humans dental formula

A

2-1-2-3

111
Q

Prosimians except tarsiers

A

2-1-3-3

112
Q

Tarsiers

A

top: 2-1-3-3
Bottom: 1-1-3-3

113
Q

Cenezoic era (P.E.O.M)

A

Palocene, Ecocene, Oligocene, Miocene

114
Q

Cenozoic era
Paleocene era
Eocene epoch
Oligocene epoch
Miocene epoch

A

Cenozoic era (65 Mya to present)
Paleocene era (65-55 Mya)
Eocene epoch (55-35 Mya)
Oligocene epoch (35-25 Mya)
Miocene epoch (25-05 Mya

Biological Anthropology (2 decks)

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