Flashcards in Vocab Deck (27)
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1
concept
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
2
prototype
mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to the Prototype provides a quick and easy method 4 including items into a category
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algorithm
methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantees solving a particular problem; step by step problem solving method that will always result in the right answer unless you mess up.
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heuristic
simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; less time consuming but more error-prone then algorithms
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representative heuristic
based on how well something fits your prototype. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes.
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availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; congrats w strategy based solutions
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confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
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fixation
inability to see a problem from A New Perspective
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mental set
tendency to solve problems the same or similar ways
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functional fixedness
inability to see something as having a new function
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overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident then correct. To overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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framing effect
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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belief bias
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes make invalid conclusions seem valid or vice versa
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belief preservation
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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phoneme
in a spoken language the smallest distinctive sound unit
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morpheme
in language the smallest unit that carries meaning maybe a word or part of a word
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semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning
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linguistic determinism
Benjamin whorf hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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aptitude tests
a test designed to predict a person's future performance.
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achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
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normal curve
symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
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reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results as assessed by the consistency of scores on 2 halves of the test or the retesting
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validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of Interest
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predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. it is assessed by computing scores and the criterion behavior
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