Flashcards in Vocab Deck (165)
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1
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen breakdown; glucose production
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Glycolysis
Glucose breakdown; forming two molecules of pyruvates, ATP production w/o oxygen (anaerobic energy metabolism)
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Lipolysis
Breakdown of triacylglycerol (triglyceride) to fatty acids and glycerol
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B-oxidation
Breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
5
Proteolysis
Breakdown of protein to amino acids
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Transamination/Deamination
Transfer/removal of amino acid group from amino acids
7
Citric acid cycle
A central metabolic pathway, oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generating reducing equivalents (NADH+H, FADH2) and GTP (ATP)
8
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A series of coupled processes in which reducing equivalents are oxidized, and the resulting proton gradient enables ATP production.
9
Gluconeogensis
Glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate sources
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Ketogenesis
Formation of ketones from acetyl-CoA
11
Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen
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Lipogenesis
Synthesis of fatty acids and formation of triacyglycerol
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Catabolism
Breaking down nutrients to smaller units, releases energy
14
Anabolism
Builds nutrients to build tissues, need energy
15
Energy metabolism
Chemical reactions involved in breakdown, synthesis, and transformation of energy-yielding nutrients that enable cells to obtain and use energy from nutrients
16
Photosynthesis is ______ and consumes energy (Co2 +H20 --> Glucose)
Anabolic
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease where people lack the ______ enzyme and can't convert phenylalanine to ______
phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine
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Oxidized
Loses electrons
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Reduced
Gains electrons
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A _______ would have more glycolytic muscle or ATP production w/o oxygen
Sprinter
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Triacylglycerol
Hydrophobic, more condensed than glycogen, can be made by any energy substrate
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Glycogen
Polymer of glucose, attracts lots of water, very heavy, shorter store of carbohydrates, only made from carbs
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Ketosis
High levels of ketones in blood
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Ketoacidosis
Severe ketosis, lowered blood pH, results in nausea, coma, death, often occurs in patients with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes (body thinks they are in starvation since they can't secrete insulin and can't store glucose)
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Type 1 diabetes
Muscle unable to use glucose due to low insulin in the blood (low insulin production), increased glucose in blood, ketoacidosis
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Type 2 diabetes
Muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance
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High glycemic index
Spikes blood glucose levels
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Glucagon
Secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels
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Ghrelin
Hormone that makes us hungry, based on biological clock
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