Vocab Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Glycogenolysis
A
Glycogen breakdown; glucose production
2
Q
Glycolysis
A
Glucose breakdown; forming two molecules of pyruvates, ATP production w/o oxygen (anaerobic energy metabolism)
3
Q
Lipolysis
A
Breakdown of triacylglycerol (triglyceride) to fatty acids and glycerol
4
Q
B-oxidation
A
Breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
5
Q
Proteolysis
A
Breakdown of protein to amino acids
6
Q
Transamination/Deamination
A
Transfer/removal of amino acid group from amino acids
7
Q
Citric acid cycle
A
A central metabolic pathway, oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generating reducing equivalents (NADH+H, FADH2) and GTP (ATP)
8
Q
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A
A series of coupled processes in which reducing equivalents are oxidized, and the resulting proton gradient enables ATP production.
9
Q
Gluconeogensis
A
Glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate sources
10
Q
Ketogenesis
A
Formation of ketones from acetyl-CoA
11
Q
Glycogenesis
A
Formation of glycogen
12
Q
Lipogenesis
A
Synthesis of fatty acids and formation of triacyglycerol
13
Q
Catabolism
A
Breaking down nutrients to smaller units, releases energy
14
Q
Anabolism
A
Builds nutrients to build tissues, need energy
15
Q
Energy metabolism
A
Chemical reactions involved in breakdown, synthesis, and transformation of energy-yielding nutrients that enable cells to obtain and use energy from nutrients
16
Q
Photosynthesis is ______ and consumes energy (Co2 +H20 –> Glucose)
A
Anabolic
17
Q
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease where people lack the ______ enzyme and can’t convert phenylalanine to ______
A
phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine
18
Q
Oxidized
A
Loses electrons
19
Q
Reduced
A
Gains electrons
20
Q
A _______ would have more glycolytic muscle or ATP production w/o oxygen
A
Sprinter
21
Q
Triacylglycerol
A
Hydrophobic, more condensed than glycogen, can be made by any energy substrate
22
Q
Glycogen
A
Polymer of glucose, attracts lots of water, very heavy, shorter store of carbohydrates, only made from carbs
23
Q
Ketosis
A
High levels of ketones in blood
24
Q
Ketoacidosis
A
Severe ketosis, lowered blood pH, results in nausea, coma, death, often occurs in patients with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes (body thinks they are in starvation since they can’t secrete insulin and can’t store glucose)
25
Type 1 diabetes
Muscle unable to use glucose due to low insulin in the blood (low insulin production), increased glucose in blood, ketoacidosis
26
Type 2 diabetes
Muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance
27
High glycemic index
Spikes blood glucose levels
28
Glucagon
Secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels
29
Ghrelin
Hormone that makes us hungry, based on biological clock
30
Leptin
Satiety hormone, long term signal, inhibits intake
31
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Secreted by gut, encourages pancreas to secrete insulin and works against glucagon secretion
32
Insulin
Secreted by beta cells in the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels
33
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
CO2 production/O2 consumption, more oxygen in molecule gives you a higher ratio
34
BMI Equation- lb
Weight (lb)/(Height (in)^2) X 703
35
Enterocytes
Intestine, absorb nutrients
36
Acinar cells
Pancreas, synthesis digestive enzymes
37
Endocrine cells
Pancreas, secrete hormones
38
Adipocytes
Adipose tissue, store energy (fat)
39
Myocytes
Muscle, store energy
40
Nuerons
Brain
41
Hepatocytes
Liver, carry out many metabolic reactions
42
The _____ is the metabolic workhorse of the body
Liver
43
Hemoglobin
Protein that carries oxygen and gets rid of CO2
44
Red Blood cell carries?
Oxygen, oxygen is needed to produce ATP
45
All blood and water soluble nutrients are first processed by the ____ after absorption
Liver
46
_____ are not first processed by the liver but go into the _____ system
Fats, lymph
47
Cell component that contains enzymes for glycolysis
Cytoplasm (cytosol)
48
Cell component that contains enzymes for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain
Mitochondria
49
Cell component that contains enzymes for protein synthesis
Rough ER (Ribosomes)
50
Cell component that contains enzymes for lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
51
The Cori Cycle
Pyruvate transformed into lactate in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions)
52
NAD+ is a _______ for coupling _____ reactions.
coenzyme, redox (pyruvate Lactate)
53
True or False: All cells must make their own ATP
True, ATP can't pass membranes
54
What are the products of the Electron transport chain?
ATP and water
55
Pyruvate can be converted to _____ in anaerobic conditions and to _____ in aerobic conditions
Lactate, Acetyl CoA
56
In conversion of pyruvate to lactate ____ picks up an H+ and an electron. The H is put on pyruvate to make lactate.
NAD+
57
Glycerol enters pathway to TCA cycle ______
Midway between glucose being broken down to pyruvate
58
Fatty acids are broken down into _____ fragments that combine with CoA to make Acetyl CoA
2 carbon
59
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is the site of the _______
Electron transport chain
60
The inner compartment of the mitochondria is the site of _________
pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, fatty acid oxidation, and TCA cycle
61
Carnitine does what?
Binds to fatty acid chain and carries it across the mitochondrial membrane after CoA activates the fatty acid
62
Each cleavage of 2 carbon segments in Beta oxidation generates ______
1 NADH + H+ and FADH2
63
Beta oxidation of an 18 carbon fatty acid generates ___ NADH + H+ and ____ FADH2
eight, eight (40 ATP)
64
Amino acids that can be used to synthesis glucose are?
Glucogenic
65
Amino acids that are converted directly to acetyl-CoA are?
Ketogenic
66
Amino acids that can enter the TCA cycle directly are?
Glucogenic
67
____ has high levels of Transaminations
Liver
68
The deamination of an amino acid produces _____ and a _____
ammonia (NH3), keto acid
69
Ammonia and CO2 is packaged into _____ in the ____ and. It is processed by the _____ before being excreted.
Urea, liver, kidney
70
Breakdown of alcohol generates ____ and 2 ____
Acetyl CoA, H+
71
Conversion to Acetyl CoA is irreversible except to______
Fatty acids
72
In TCA cycle 2 carbon Acetyl CoA loses CoA and is made into a ___ carbon molecule. It is eventually broken down to Oxaloacetate a ____ carbon molecule
Six, four
73
Oxaloacetate can be converted to _____ by _____ a carbon and vice versa
pyruvate, losing
74
In the electron transport chain, ____ accepts the electrons and combines with _____ to form water
oxygen, hydrogen
75
ATP is generated at the end of the electron transport chain by H+ traveling _____ its concentration gradient
down
76
True or False? All the energy yielding nutrients- proteins, carbs and fat- can be broken down to Acetyl CoA
True
77
_____, _____, and ______ can be used to make glucose
Some amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol
78
True or false? Insulin stimulates glycogenesis and lipogenesis
True
79
What are the two anabolic pathways that occur under catabolic physiological states?
Gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis (body under starvation conditions must make glucose and ketones)
80
Gluconeogenesis is _____ by insulin
inhibited
81
In Gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted to _____ which is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) which is converted to ____
Oxaloacetate, glucose
82
Ketogenesis takes place when _____ can't enter the TCA cycle
Acetyl-CoA
83
T or F: Fatty acids can be made into glucose and amino acids
False, fatty acids are the only energy yielding nutrient that can't be converted to glucose or amino acids
84
What state? high insulin, low glucagon, blood glucose elevated
Fed state
85
What state? Insulin decreasing, glucagon increasing, blood glucose decreasing
Postabsorptive state
86
What state? Glucagon increasing, insulin decreasing, liver glycogen stores depleted, triglycerides broken down
Fasting state
87
T/F: Insulin inhibits lipolysis
True
88
T/F: Insulin promotes anabolism
True
89
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose levels
90
Hyperinsulinemia
High level of insulin in the blood
91
Type 2 diabetes accounts for ____ of all diabetes
90-95%
92
More energy in than out equals a ______ energy balance
positive
93
T/F: Alcohol has a small difference between gross energy and metabolizable energy because it doesn't require much digestion
True
94
_____ have largest difference between gross energy and metabolize energy.
Vitamins, don't yield energy but takes energy to break them down
95
______ have smallest difference between gross energy and metabolize energy
Minerals, don't yield energy and aren't broken down
96
The difference between ____ energy and ____ energy is excreted via feces
gross, digestible
97
The difference between ____ energy and ____ energy is excreted via urea
Digestible, Metabolizable (only protein has a difference in energy b/t digestible and metabolize energy)
98
Orlistat
Prevents digestion of triglycerides
99
Olestra
Fat substitute, sucrose and fatty acids that the body can't digest
100
Physiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengers of an empty stomach
Hunger
101
Less biological, due to habits and social ways
Appetite
102
When you feel this you stop eating
Satiation
103
When you don't feel hungry and don't start eating again after a meal
Satiety
104
CCK
Satiation signal
105
Most obese people that are obese due to leptin have ______
Defective leptin receptors (leptin itself can also be defective)
106
Basal metabolism is ____ % of energy expenditure
50-65
107
The thermic effect of food is ____ % of energy expenditure
10
108
Physical activity is ____ % of energy expenditure
30-50
109
The RER of ____ is the highest and the RER of ____ is the lowest
Carbs (more oxygen), fat
110
T/F: Lean body mass burns more calories than fat
True
111
Protein has the _____ thermic effect and fat has the ____ thermic effect
highest, lowest
112
BMI Equation- kg
kg/m^2
113
1 kg = ___ lb
2.2
114
1 inch=___ cm
2.54
115
BMI threshold for overweight
above 25
116
BMI threshold for obese
above 30
117
BMI threshold for underweight
below 18.5
118
T/F: Females live longer than males
True
119
T/F: Women with a low BMI have less of a chance of dying than men with a low BMI
True
120
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher for which gender?
Males- more visceral fat
121
Hydrodensitometry
Measuring body comp by measuring on land and water
122
Air displacement plethysmography
Uses air displacement to measure body comp
123
Bioelectrical impedance
Uses low intensity electrical current to measure lean body mass
124
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), waist circumference, skinfold tests
Ways to measure body composition
125
____ fat is associated with insulin resistance
Visceral (in abdominal cavity)
126
What are the major minerals?
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium (sodium, chloride, potassium)
127
What are the trace minerals?
Iron (zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium)
128
5 general roles of minerals
Electrolyte, structure, component of prosthetic group such as heme, signal transduction, cofactor role
129
Transition metals like ____ can be reactive and toxic if not bound to specialized proteins
Iron
130
T/F: Minerals are destroyed during biological processes
False
131
The most abundant mineral in the human body?
Calcium
132
Trabecular bone
Has lot of spaces for bone marrow and blood vessels
133
Osteoblast
Builds bone, secretes protein collagen
134
Osteoclast
Destroys bone, secretes acid and enzymes
135
The three roles of Calcium?
Structural, Catalytic, Signaling
136
What is the structural role of calcium?
Crucial for bone health, part of bone in form of Hydroxyapatite
137
Hydroxyapatite
In bone, made from calcium and phosphorus
138
What is the catalytic role of calcium?
Calcium is necessary for blood clotting
139
What is the signaling role of calcium?
Calcium is needed for secretion of neurotransmitters inside and outside of the cell
140
Factors that enhance calcium absorption
Growing, pregnancy, active vita D, lactose
141
Factors that inhibit calcium absorption
Decreasing gastric acid, vita D deficiency, high phosphate intake, increase in phytate or oxalate
142
Spinach is a _____ source of calcium
bad, bc its calcium is bound to oxalate
143
Absorption
moving nutrients from intestine into blood
144
Resorption
Nutrients from bone back into blood
145
Reabsorption
Nutrients from kidney into blood
146
What percent of calcium is absorbed?
30 percent
147
Calcitonin _____ blood calcium levels
lowers
148
Parathyroid hormone _____ blood calcium levels
raises
149
T/F: Too much active vitamin D will break down a lot of bone
True
150
Calcitonin _____ activation of vita D
inhibits
151
Calcitonin _____ calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
prevents
152
Calcitonin ______ calcium absorption in the intestines
limits
153
Calcitonin _____ osteoclasts from breaking down bone, _____ release of calcium
inhibits, prevents
154
Parathyroid hormone _____ activation of Vita D
stimulates
155
Parathyroid hormone and Vita D _____ calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
stimulate
156
Vita D _____ calcium absorption in the intestines
enhances
157
Parathyroid hormone and vita D _____ osteoclast cells to break down bone ____ calcium into blood
stimulate, releasing
158
People at greatest risk of osteoporosis
Postmenopausal women
159
______ exercise increases bone density and lowers osteoporosis risk
Weight-bearing
160
T/F: Blood calcium levels are a good indicator of calcium status
False, blood calcium is tightly regulated, calcium is taken out of bone
161
Second most abundant mineral in body
Phosphorous
162
Part of protein making machinery
Magnesium
163
Stabilizes ATP
Magnesium
164
Blood clotting
Calcium and magnesium
165
T/F: Magnesium UL for women is 350 mg which is lower than RDA for men
True, for supplements (too much causes diarrhea)
