vocab review 3 and 4

Question 1

The “other” boundary maintenance

Answer 1

the social and psychological process through which individuals or groups create distinctions between themselves and those they perceive as different or outside their own social category.

Question 2

Us dichotomy

Answer 2

Rational
Religion
Science
History
Civilized

Question 3

Other dichotomy

Answer 3

Irrational
Superstition
Magic
Legends
Savages

Question 4

Colonialism

Answer 4

when powerful nations establish control over less developed territories to gain power and control

Question 5

The Berlin Conference

Answer 5

The treaty of berlin in the 1880’s “divided” africa among european powers. Instead of fighting amongst themselves over africa they divided it up like civilized nations they carved it up and decided the borders.

Question 6

Cecil Rhodes

Answer 6

Symbol of white man’s burden. Made money from gold and silver mines in Africa

Question 7

Colonized other

Answer 7

Communities that were subjected to colonization like indigenous or local populations by more powerful nations or empires

Question 8

White Man’s Burden

Answer 8

“God” gave the white man (his children) the burden of spreading civilization throughout the world by taming nature and the savage.

Question 9

Manifest Destiny

Answer 9

The destiny or duty of the nation to expand its territory across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This expansion was often justified as a means to spread American ideals, democracy, and civilization

Question 10

Charles Darwin

Answer 10

British naturalist and biologist who proposed that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where favorable traits are passed on to successive generations.

Question 11

“The Origin of Species”

Answer 11

A book written by Charles Darwin, first published in 1859. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 12

Social Darwinism

Answer 12

By nature there are individuals and (cultures) that are superior to others
And by nature the superior should dominate the inferior
And by nature the inferior must eventually become extinct

Question 13

Herbert Spencer

Answer 13

An English philosopher and sociologist known for his influence on social Darwinism.

Question 14

Unilineal evolution

Answer 14

Races could be put on an evolutionary scale of more or less human with those least like western Europeans at the bottom of the scale (least evolved) and Western Europeans at the top as the most human (most evolved)

Question 15

Fossil Other

Answer 15

Cultures which can no longer change - the are “dead” cultures

Question 16

Essentialism

Answer 16

Inherited unchanging characteristics that determine behavior, temperament and intelligence. All of which are inferior in the other (internal)

Question 17

Phenotypes

Answer 17

Superficial physical characteristics. Minor variations in the shape of the face i.e. nose, eyes, ears, lips etc. AND skin tone (color) (external)

Question 18

Race

Answer 18

different species

Question 19

Polygenesis

Answer 19

Multi-origins

Question 20

Survival of the Fittest

Answer 20

The strongest should dominate the weak and the weak will eventually die out

Question 21

The Vanishing Race

Answer 21

Native Americans were gonna disappear. We have wiped them out and eliminated them because they were genetically inferior. Nature says they have to become extinct.

Question 22

Scientific Racism

Answer 22

Misuse of scientific methods to justify racist beliefs

Question 23

Replacement Theory

Answer 23

White populations are being systematically replaced by non-white populations through immigration or other demographic shifts

Question 24

Franz Boas

Answer 24

Father of American anthropology (irony) was not an American or an anthropologist when he began his scientific career. He was a German geographer/geologist.

Question 25

Inuit

Answer 25

Indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, Alaska, and parts of Russia.

Question 26

Evolution

Answer 26

The process of gradual change in all forms of life over generations, involving the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to the next.

Question 27

Adaptive radiation

Answer 27

A process in evolutionary biology where a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a variety of forms.

Question 28

Cretaceous period

Answer 28

The third and final segment of the Mesozoic Era, lasting from approximately 145 to 66 million years ago. Characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs, it witnessed the evolution of many modern plant and animal groups.

Question 29

Catarrhine Primates

Answer 29

Group of primates characterized by a narrow nasal septum and downward-facing nostrils.

Question 30

Hominids

Answer 30

primates that evolved around 9-10 million years ago

Question 31

Orangutans

Answer 31

Large, highly intelligent primates native to the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra

Question 32

Gorillas

Answer 32

Large, powerful primates belonging to the family Hominidae. Theyre closely related to humans, sharing about 98% of their DNA

Question 33

Chimpanzees

Answer 33

Highly intelligent, social primates native to Africa. They are one of the closest living relatives to humans, sharing about 98% of our DNA

Question 34

Rift Valley

Answer 34

Large geographical trench, primarily in East Africa, formed by the tectonic activity where the African and Somali plates are pulling apart

Question 35

Opposable Thumbs

Answer 35

Thumbs that can be moved opposite to the other fingers, allowing for a strong and precise grip.

Question 36

Interdigital Grip

Answer 36

Allows us to make and use precision tools and instruments (the use of hands)

Question 37

Bipedal

Answer 37

Skeletal changes which allow us to walk upright to find water and food in an environment where it is scarce

Question 38

Spindle Cells

Answer 38

Remember the past create the present plan for the future recognize patterns in nature (make choices-create culture)

Question 39

Australopithecus

Answer 39

Lucy (the first) (protohuman) (5 million years ago)

Question 40

Homo Erectus

Answer 40

(closest distant ancestors) (2 million to 400,000)

Question 41

Homo Sapiens

Answer 41

scientific name for the species of modern humans

Question 42

Monogenesis

Answer 42

One origin

Question 43

Out of Africa

Answer 43

Scientific theory that Homo sapiens, the modern human species, originated in Africa and then migrated and dispersed to populate the rest of the world

Question 44

Ethnicity

Answer 44

categories of human