Vocabulary

Question 1

Virulence meaning:

Answer 1

The measure of a microbe’s ability to invade and create disease in the host.

Question 2

Pathogenesis meaning:

Answer 2

The process by which a disease develops in a host.

Question 3

Colonization meaning:

Answer 3

The establishment of a microorganism on a body tissue without causing disease.

Question 4

Pathogen meaning:

Answer 4

A microorganism that has the ability to cause disease.

Question 5

Reservoir meaning:

Answer 5

The habitat in or on which a microorganism lives, grows and multiplies.

Question 6

What are exotoxins?

Answer 6

Proteins secreted by bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria, which may kill or immobilize host defences.

Question 7

What are endotoxins?

Answer 7

Surface components of gram-negative bacteria that resist inactivation.

Question 8

Hummoral immunity

Answer 8

Expressed by serum proteins called antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD), which gain the ability to recognize virus-infected cells & adhere to and kill them. Uses CD4, CD8, & B cells.

Question 9

IgG

Answer 9

The late-occurring and longest lived antibody in an immune response.
I GOT IT.

Question 10

IgM

Answer 10

The first immunoglobulin to react in an adaptive immune response.
I MET IT.

Question 11

What is Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy?

Answer 11

A type of oncology treatment in which a patient’s T-cells are manipulated in the lab and reintroduced into the host to attack cancer cells.

Question 12

Endogenous meaning

Answer 12

Produced inside an organism or cell.

Question 13

Exogenous meaning

Answer 13

Produced outside of an organism or cell.

Question 14

What is Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?

Answer 14

A potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when immune cells from a donated/transplanted tissue see the tissues in the host as foreign and attack them.

Question 15

What is Myelosuppression?

Answer 15

A bone marrow condition that reduces the production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, which weakens the host’s ability to fight infection.

Question 16

What is an opportunistic organism?

Answer 16

An organisms that does not normally cause disease in an immunocompetent hose but can cause disease in an immunocompromised host.

Question 17

What is a glycocalyx?

Answer 17

A general term used for widely varying chemical substances that surround cells. Can be either a capsule, firmly attached, or a slime layer, loosely attached.

Question 18

What is binary fission?

Answer 18

When one cell divides into two cells.

Question 19

What is transformation?

Answer 19

When naked DNA in the environment enter another bacterium.

Question 20

What is conjugation?

Answer 20

When all or part of a plasmid is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. The cells must be in direct contact and transfer occurs via the sex pilus.

Question 21

What is transduction?

Answer 21

When bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a virus capable of infecting bacteria.

Question 22

What type of organism are fungi?

Answer 22

Eukaryotic organisms

Question 23

What type of organism are yeasts?

Answer 23

Single celled microscopic organisms.

Question 24

What are viruses?

Answer 24

Are not considered to be cells; they are obligate intracellular parasites which means that they grow and reproduce within living cells and are dependent on them.

Question 25

What is pseudomembranous colitis?

Answer 25

A condition seen in patients with C.diff, it's characterized by formation of punctate pseudomembranes (yellow, white or grey plaques visualized on the colon surface).

Question 26

What is enzyme immunoassay (EIA)?

Answer 26

A highly specific assay that uses monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to detect the presence of toxin A or B to aid in the diagnosis of C.diff.

Question 27

What is a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)?

Answer 27

A highly sensitive assay that uses the amplification of DNA to identify the presence of an organism.

Question 28

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 28

The process by which small genetic mutations in a replicating influenza virus alter the surface proteins of the virus.

Question 29

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 29

A rare, abrupt major change in one or both surface antigens of an influenza virus through reassortment between animal and human subtypes.

Question 30

What is a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI)?

Answer 30

A class of drugs used as a antiviral therapy to treat influenza, working by binding to the N protein to prevent influenza from spreading from infected cells to healthy cells.

Question 31

Define parasite.

Answer 31

Any organism living within or on another living creature and deriving advantage while doing so while causing disadvantage to the host.

Question 32

Define pediculosis.

Answer 32

Any type of louse infestation.

Question 33

What composes the cell-mediated immune system?

Answer 33

T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes.

Question 34

Define sensitivity (lab testing).

Answer 34

The ability of a test to detect all true cases of the disease or the absence of false negatives. (# of true positives) divided by (# of true + false - results).

Question 35

Define specificity (lab testing).

Answer 35

The ability of a test to correctly identify a negative result. # of true negatives plus false positives.