Vocabulary

Question 1

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or _____.

Answer 1

Classification

Question 2

Reproductive success in biology is quantified as _____, or the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation.

Answer 2

Fitness

Question 3

_________ is the movement of alleles from one population to another.

Answer 3

Gene flow

Question 4

The entire DNA sequence of a species is called it’s _____.

Answer 4

Genome

Question 5

______ is the idea that evolution occurs slowly throughout time.

Answer 5

Gradualism

Question 6

Alterations in timing of development events due to a genetic change are called_______.

Answer 6

Heterochrony

Question 7

Structures that have different appearances and functions but are derived from a common ancestor are termed ______ structures.

Answer 7

Homologous

Question 8

Gene swapping between different species, far more prevalent earlier in the history of life than now, is referred to as _______ gene transfer.

Answer 8

Horizontal

Question 9

The phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones in sooty,urbanized areas is called______.

Answer 9

Industrial Melanism

Question 10

A sharp, dramatic decline in species number is know as __________.

Answer 10

Mass Extinction

Question 11

A _____ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Answer 11

Monophyletic

Question 12

Genes with the same ancestral sequence are known as _______.

Answer 12

Orthologues

Question 13

______ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants.

Answer 13

Paraphyletic

Question 14

______ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Answer 14

Polyphyletic

Question 15

The process that produces individuals that have more than two sets of chromosomes is known as _____.

Answer 15

Polyploidy

Question 16

Genes that have DNA sequences similar to functional genes but that do not appear to produce any functional products are _____.

Answer 16

Pseudogenes

Question 17

________________ is the idea that species experience long periods of stasis followed by bursts of evolutionary change.

Answer 17

Punctuated Equilibrium

Question 18

A defined population within a single species that has different characteristics is known as _____.

Answer 18

Subspecies

Question 19

A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called ______ of that clade.

Answer 19

Synapomorphy

Question 20

Over long segments of chromosomes, the linear order of mouse and human genes is the same. This is called conservation of _____.

Answer 20

Synteny

Question 21

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships is called _____.

Answer 21

Systematics

Question 22

Genes are assumed to be passed from generation to generation. This process is called _______ gene transfer

Answer 22

Vertical

Question 23

The viruses that infect bacteria are called _______.

Answer 23

Bacteriophages

Question 24

Fungi, together with bacteria are the principal _______ in the biosphere.

Answer 24

Decomposers

Question 25

The ginkgo is an example of a ______ plant in which male and female reproductive structures are produced on separate trees.

Answer 25

Dioecious

Question 26

Endosymbiotic relationships between prokaryotes eventually into more complex cells types called ______.

Answer 26

Eukaryotic

Question 27

__________ bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan wall and stain a purple color.

Answer 27

Gram-positive

Question 28

Plants have a ______ life cycle in which the haploid and diploid stages are multicellular.

Answer 28

Haplodiplontic

Question 29

_____ infects the CD4 +T cells, which are required for normal immunity

Answer 29

HIV

Question 30

The symbiotic relationship between green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi produce _______.

Answer 30

Lichens

Question 31

The Swedish biologist, ______, developed a simpler two-part ( binomial) naming system for organisms.

Answer 31

Linnaeus

Question 32

______ are organisms that obtain their energy by using hydrogen gas to reduce carbon dioxide to methane gas.

Answer 32

Methanogens

Question 33

A Mass of connected hyphae is called a ______.

Answer 33

Mycelium

Question 34

Cell walls of bacteria ( domain Bacteria) usually consist of _____ a network of polysaccharide molecules connected by polypeptide cross-links.

Answer 34

Peptidoglycan

Question 35

Autotrophic protists that are photosynthetic are called _______.

Answer 35

Phototrophs

Question 36

_____ grains are immature male gametophytes.

Answer 36

Pollen

Question 37

Organelles, such as a nucleus and mitochondria, are not present in _____ organisms.

Answer 37

Prokaryotic

Question 38

The object called a ____ contains the embryo and food supply in heterosporous plants.

Answer 38

Seed

Question 39

The biological specialty that deals with the classification and naming of organisms is called_____.

Answer 39

Taxonomy

Question 40

A __________ hyphae contains only one nucleus.

Answer 40

Monkaryotic

Question 41

Many viruses exhibit ____________ and can target only a specific set of cells

Answer 41

Tissue tropism

Question 42

The ______ plants include, among others, the ferns, conifers, and the flowering plants, all of which contain nutrient-conducting systems.

Answer 42

tracheophyte

Question 43

_______ are biological entities that consist of genetic material wrapped in protein and cannot replicate outside of a host.

Answer 43

Viruses

Question 44

The evolution of jointed appendages, a segmented body and an exoskeleton has made _______ very successful.

Answer 44

Arthropods

Question 45

The first hominids to evolve were ________.

Answer 45

Australopithecines

Question 46

The vertebrate class closely related to the reptiles, but with feathers is ________.

Answer 46

Aves (basic characteristics)

Question 47

The process in which a definite head and brain evolves is called _______.

Answer 47

Cephalization

Question 48

Members of the class______ -octopuses,squids, and nautilus- are highly intelligent.

Answer 48

Cephalopoda

Question 49

An animal with a single hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a postanal tail, and pharyngeal slits is a(n)______.

Answer 49

Chordate

Question 50

Octopuses and squids are capable of blending into their environment through the use of _______ or specialized epithelial cells that contain pigments.

Answer 50

Chromatophores

Question 51

_______ glands are ductless glands and their secretions empty directly into the bloodstream.

Answer 51

Endocrine

Question 52

An _______ membrane covers every surface of the vertebrate body

Answer 52

Epithelial`

Question 53

The most diverse and successful vertebrate group, the ________, provided the base for invasion of land by the amphibians.

Answer 53

Fishes (as the ancestor of amphibians)

Question 54

In their basic body plan, mollusks have a visceral mass covered with a soft epithelium and a muscular _______ that is used in locomotion.

Answer 54

Foot (mollusk)

Question 55

The molluscan class _______ includes the snails and slugs.

Answer 55

Gastropoda

Question 56

The fluid material between cells and fibers in connective tissues is referred to as ________.

Answer 56

Ground substance

Question 57

Animals are multicellular ______ and obtain their food by ingestion.

Answer 57

Heterotrophs

Question 58

______ is a state of dynamic internal balance in an organism.

Answer 58

`Homeostasis

Question 59

The only vertebrate class that possesses hair and milk glands is ______.

Answer 59

Mammalia (basic characteristics)

Question 60

Cnidarians characteristically possess specialized cells which contain a _______, a stinging harpoon used to attach prey.

Answer 60

Nematocyst

Question 61

_______ supports and insulates neurons, but do not conduct electrical impulses.

Answer 61

Neuroglia

Question 62

In the animal subkingdom ______, the animals lack symmetry and possess neither tissues not organs.

Answer 62

Parazoa

Question 63

The most prominent phylum of acoelomates,__________, includes the free-living flatworms and the parasitic flukes and tapeworms.

Answer 63

Platyhelminthes

Question 64

Animals with a body cavity located between the mesoderm endoderm are _______.

Answer 64

Pseudocoelomate

Question 65

The four living orders of the vertebrate class________ includes the turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes and crocodiles.

Answer 65

Reptilia (basic characteristics)

Question 66

Vertebrates are chordates with a ________.

Answer 66

Spinal cord

Question 67

Eumetazoa can be subdivided into two principal branches based on ________.

Answer 67

Symmetry

Question 68

In many arthropods, body segments have become fused into functional groups called ________.

Answer 68

Tagmata

Question 69

Offspring that require prolonged and extensive care are called _________.

Answer 69

Altricial

Question 70

________ is behavior that benefits another individual or individuals at a cost to the actor.

Answer 70

Altruism

Question 71

Permeable, underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel that are saturated with water are called _________.

Answer 71

Aquifers

Question 72

The angle between a leaf’s blade and the stem is called ________.

Answer 72

Axil

Question 73

In ____________, an animal makes an association between two different kinds of stimuli.

Answer 73

Classical Conditioning

Question 74

The curvature of the paths of the winds due to Earth’s rotation is termed the ____________.

Answer 74

Coriolis Effect

Question 75

__________ in a plant functions as an outer protective covering and is usually one cell layer thick

Answer 75

Dermal Tissue

Question 76

________ feed on dead organic matter.

Answer 76

Detritivores

Question 77

Sun warmed water on the top of a lake is called the ___________.

Answer 77

Epilimnion

Question 78

_______ is the study of the natural history of behavior.

Answer 78

Ethology

Question 79

__________ lakes are high in algal nutrients and are low in dissolved oxygen, and can be caused by human actions .

Answer 79

Eutrophic

Question 80

Stoma are flanked by _________ which control the passage of gasses and water.

Answer 80

Guard cells

Question 81

Colder, denser water on the bottom of a lake is called the ________.

Answer 81

Hypolimnion

Question 82

Instinctive behavior can also be called _______.

Answer 82

Innate

Question 83

The ______ is the area of a stem between two nodes.

Answer 83

Internode

Question 84

An ________ habitat is an area that is exposed to air at low tide but is under water at high tide.

Answer 84

Intertidal

Question 85

_______ species are species that have a larger effect on the composition of communities than expected based on their population.

Answer 85

Keystone (Species

Question 86

_________ meristems produce an increase in root and shoot diameter.

Answer 86

Lateral

Question 87

Sclerenchyma cells often have ______ which is an important component of wood.

Answer 87

Lignin

Question 88

The area of leaf attachment to the stem is the _______.

Answer 88

Node

Question 89

__________ lakes are often crystal clear due to the low amount of dissolved algal nutrients and algal matter.

Answer 89

Oligotrophic

Question 90

In __________________, an animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a reward or punishment

Answer 90

Operant Conditioning

Question 91

The most common type of plants cells are ___________.

Answer 91

Parenchyma

Question 92

________ is soil ice that persists all year.

Answer 92

Permafrost

Question 93

_________ is the principal food conducting tissue of plants.

Answer 93

Phloem

Question 94

Autotrophs that use light as their source of energy are called _________.

Answer 94

Photoautotrophs

Question 95

Offspring that require very little parental care are _______.

Answer 95

Precocial

Question 96

The ____________ are all the autotrophs in an ecosystem.

Answer 96

Primary Producers

Question 97

______ greatly increase the surface area of roots and efficiency of absorption.

Answer 97

Root Hairs

Question 98

All plant tissue interior to the endodermis are referred to as the ______.

Answer 98

Stele

Question 99

_______ are outgrowths at the base of the petiole (of a leaf).

Answer 99

Stipules

Question 100

In the process of ________, communities tend to change from simple to more complex.

Answer 100

Successions

Question 101

Hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis of plants are _______.

Answer 101

Trichomes

Question 102

_______ are vascular bundles in leaves.

Answer 102

Veins

Question 103

_________ is the principal water conducting tissue of plants.

Answer 103

Xylem