Vol 4: Chapter 2

Question 1

Factors increasing cardiovascular disease

Answer 1

Smoking, older age, family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, substance abuse, male, lack of exercise

Question 2

Cardiac Output=

Answer 2

stroke vol X heart rate

Question 3

Sympathetic Nervous system innervates the heart through _______.

Answer 3

Cardiac plexus

Question 4

neurotransmitter for SNS is _______.

Answer 4

Norepinephrine

Question 5

Alpha receptors are responsible for ______

Answer 5

vasoconstriction.

Question 6

Beta1 receptors located in ____ and increase________

Answer 6

heart, heart rate and contractility.

Question 7

Beta2 receptors located in ______, cause_______

Answer 7

lungs and peripheral blood vessels, broncodilation and peripheral vasodilation

Question 8

Parasympathetic controls______

Answer 8

vagus nerve

Question 9

neurotransmitter for PNS

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

Release of acetylcholine does_____

Answer 10

slows HR and atrioventricular conduction

Question 11

Chronoropy

Answer 11

refers to HR

Question 12

Inotropy

Answer 12

refers to strength of muscular contraction

Question 13

Dromotropy

Answer 13

refers to rate of nervous impulse conduction.

Question 14

Intrinsic rates

Answer 14

SA node: 60-100BPM
AV node: 40-60BPM
Ventricles: 15-40BPM

Question 15

PR interval

Answer 15

0.12-0.20 sec

Question 16

QRS interval

Answer 16

0.04-0.12

Question 17

MI sequence

Answer 17

ischemia
injury
necrosis

Question 18

Sinus Brady Etiology

Answer 18

increased parasympathetic tone
intrinsic disease of SA node
drug effects (digitalis, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
normal findings in fit people

Question 19

Sinus Tach Etiology

Answer 19

exercise
fever
anxiety
hypovolemia
anemia
pump failure
increased sympathetic tone
hypoxia
hyperthyroidism

Question 20

Sinus arrhythmia Etiology

Answer 20

sometimes related to respiratory cycle and changes in intrathoracic pressure.

Question 21

Sinus Arrest/Block/Pause Etiology

Answer 21

ischemia of the SA node
digitalis toxcity
excessive vagal tone
degenerative fibrotic disease

Question 22

Sick Sinus Syndrome Etiology

Answer 22

ischemia of the SA node
digitalis toxicity
degenerative fibrotic disease

Question 23

Wandering atrial pacemaker Etiology

Answer 23

variant of sinus arrhythmia
normal in young or aged
ischemic heart disease
atrial dilation

Question 24

Multifocal Atrial Tach Etiology

Answer 24

pulmonary disease
metabolic disorders (hypokalemia)
ischemic heart disease
recent surgery

Question 25

PAC etiology

Answer 25

``` caffine, nicotine, alcohol sympathomimetic drugs ischemic heart disease hypoxia digitalis toxicity idiopathic ```

Question 26

PSVT Etiology

Answer 26

stress, over exertion, smoking, or ingestion of caffine. rare in MI, can occur in WPW