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E&E > volcanoes test > Flashcards

volcanoes test Flashcards

1
Q

shaking and trembling that results from sudden movement of part of the earth’s crust

A

Earthquake

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2
Q

earthquakes are caused by…

A
  • ground shakes from erupting volcano
  • collapse of cavern
  • impact of meteor
  • stress that builds up and causes faulting
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3
Q

rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture and not spring back to their original shape(produces most of our earthquakes)

A

Elastic Rebound Theory

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4
Q

point beneath the earth’s surface where the rocks break or move apart

A

focus

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5
Q

point on earth’s surface directly above the focus (site of most violent shaking)

A

epicenter

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6
Q

shaking that occurs days or even years before an earthquake

A

foreshock

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7
Q

shaking that occurs even years after earthquakes

A

aftershock

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8
Q

waves along the surface of earth

A

surface waves

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9
Q

waves that move through the interior of earth

A

body waves

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10
Q
  • arrive first
  • back and forth waves
  • move through liquid, gas or solid
  • slinky
A

P-waves

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11
Q
  • arrive second
  • up and down
  • jumprope
  • move through solids only
A

S-waves

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12
Q

instrument that detects and measures seismic waves

A

seismograph

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13
Q

seismograph’s record of waves; has wavy lines recorded on paper (also called trace)

A

seismogram

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14
Q

the epicenter is located using the difference in the arrival times between P and S wave recordings, which are related to distance

A

Earthquake Distance

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15
Q

amount of energy released at the earthquakes epicenter

A

Magnitude

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16
Q

measures how much energy an earthquake releases by assigning a number between 1-10

A

Richter scale

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17
Q

measures the effect of an earthquake; scale based on how the effects of an earthquake are felt

A

mercalli scale

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18
Q

effect of an earthquake on earth’s surface (amount of shaking produced)

A

Intensity

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19
Q

need difference from __ different stations to determine the location of an earthquake

A

3

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20
Q

major earthquake zone that forms a ring around the pacific ocean

A

pacific ring of fire

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21
Q

conservation of soil into a fluid like mass during an earthquake or seismic event

A

Liquefaction

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22
Q

extremely large ocean wave caused by an earthquake on or near the ocean floor

A

tsunami

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23
Q

Successful earthquake prediction must correctly forecast..

A
  • where it will occur
  • when it will occur
  • what magnitude it will be
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24
Q

possible methods of predictions

A
  • microquakes
  • behavior of animals
  • slight tilt in ground before earthquake
  • natural gas seepage
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25
Q

any activity that includes the movement of magma toward the surface of earth

A

Volcanism

26
Q

place where magma reaches surface

A

volcano

27
Q

liquid molten rock underground

A

magma

28
Q

magma that reached the surface

A

lava

29
Q

what are magmas made up of ?

A

water vapor, CO2 and sulfur

30
Q

magmas with more gases have more..

A

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS!!!!!!!!!!!!

31
Q

a substance’s resistance to flow

-related to silica content

A

viscosity

32
Q

high silica=…

A

more viscous

33
Q

as temp increases, viscosity _____

A

decreases

34
Q

opening from which lava flows

A

vent

35
Q

funnel shaped pit or depression at the top of volcano

A

crater

36
Q

craters whose walls have collapsed

A

caldera

37
Q

conduit between magma chamber underground and surface

A

pipe

38
Q

occurs where plates are moving apart

-lava flows out fluidly from cracks(div. bound)

A

mid-ocean ridge

39
Q

occurs at convergent boundaries and usually explosive

A

subduction zone

40
Q

areas of volcanic activity in the middle of lithospheric plates

A

hot spots

41
Q

most active volcanoes are found at …

A

The Ring of Fire

42
Q

volcanic eruptions can be measured by the…

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

43
Q

Volcanic Explosivity Index scale value is based on…

A

cloud height and amount of material ejected during eruption

44
Q
  • much silica
  • light colored
  • slow moving
A

felsic lava type

45
Q
  • low silica
  • dark colored
  • fast moving(oceanic crust)
A

mafic lava type

46
Q

comes from mafic lava

A

Basaltic lava

47
Q
  • Aa (ah-ah) lava
  • forms when lava flows rapidly
  • rough, jagged blocks with spiny projection
A

Basaltic lava

48
Q

forms when lava flows slowly

A

Pahoehoe

49
Q

created underwater, slow moving, inside is still gooey

A

pillow lava

50
Q

solid fragments ejected from a volcano

A

tephra

51
Q

tephra is also called

A

pyroclastic material

52
Q

<2mm

A

ash

53
Q

2<64mm

A

lapilli

54
Q

> 64mm (aerodynamic by shape)

A

bombs

55
Q

> 64mm (angular, blocky)

A

blocks

56
Q
  • composed of quiet lava flows
  • form gently sloping
  • dome shaped mountains
  • basaltic (mafic) magma
A

shield volcano

57
Q
  • made up of mostly tephra
  • explosive eruptions
  • not very high
  • narrow base
  • steep sides
A

cindercone volcano

58
Q
  • alternating layers of expelled rock and lava
  • violent eruptions at first w tephra, then quiet w lava
  • large, cone shaped
A

composite volcano

59
Q

what impact does ash in the atmosphere make?

A
  • disrupt air travel

- if severe can affect climate

60
Q

mudflows made up of volcanic debris

  • flow like liquid(wet concrete)
  • can travel over 50 mph
A

lahar

61
Q
  • mostly water vapor
  • CO2
  • sulfur dioxide
  • hydrogen sulfide
  • fluorine gas
A

volcanic gases

E&E (17 decks)

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