VRU 2012 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common findings with thoracic histiocytic sarcoma?
A
1: Lymphadenopathy - Sternal and TB LN not mediastinal
2
Q
What is the most common lung lobe affected by histiocytic sarcoma?
A
Right middle - ventral aspect
3
Q
Bernese moutain dogs are how many more times likely to develop histiocytic sarcoma? Rotties?
A
BMD: 225x
Rotties: 26x
4
Q
Majority of histiocytic sarcoma pulmonary masses are described as?
A
Poorly maginated
Bronchocenteric
Heterogeneous in contrast enhancement.
5
Q
What is the most common hepatic mass?
A
Hepatocellular carcinoma
6
Q
Common enhancement pattern for hepatocellular carcinoma with contrast enhancing CT?
A
- Marginal enhancement
- Centrally enhancement
7
Q
What is the sensitivity and specificity of radiographs when looking at elbows for incongruity?
A
88% sensitivity
92% specific
8
Q
What was the most common finding of joint incongruity found on radiographs?
A
Radioulnar step
Widening of humeroulnar and humeroradial joint space
9
Q
What sequence will produce the least amount of susceptibility artifact when looking at stifles with implants?
A
TSE and sequences employing spectral fat saturation
10
Q
What is the difference between diamagnetic and paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials?
A
Diamagnetic has paired electrons
Para and ferro are unpaired electrons thus can create more of a magnetic field and cause distortion of the B0
11
Q
What is the difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic?
A
Paramagnetic will loose its magnetism after it is taken out of a magnet
Ferro does not lose its magnetism.
12
Q
What two parts make up a susceptibility artifact?
A
Signal void
Misregistration specifically in the frequency and slice-encoding gradients
13
Q
What sequence is most affected by susceptibility artifact?
A
GRE due to the lack of 180 degree refocusing pulse.
14
Q
What impant material had the least amount of susceptibility artifact?
A
Titanium alloy and stainless steal crimps
Stainless steel TPLO had the worse
15
Q
What sequence weighting is least susceptible to metal in MRI?
A
T1 due to short TE.
16
Q
What was the most common feature of articular process joint degeneration on MRI in great dane dogs affect with cervical spondylomyelopathy?
A
Reduction or loss or irregular pattern of the synovial fluid in the articular joints - this was associated with lateral compression
17
Q
Are degenerative changes in the articular process joints common in Great danes on MRI?
A
Yes — 86% of articular joints are degenerative
18
Q
Most common degenerative changes see on MRI n the articular process joints of Great danes was seen where in the cervical spine?
A
Caudal spine
19
Q
How was intraoberver and interobserver variability in grading incongruity on radiographs?
A
Not great
20
Q
Mankin et al: HASTE imaging was in agreement with T2W sequences more often when there was a lesion or when there is not a lesion?
A
96% agreement when there is not a lesion - 98% agreement when there is not a surgical lesion 58% when there is a lesion - 82% lesion is considered surgical
21
Q
Palus et al: With intracranial lymphoma lesions all dogs had involvement of what portion of the brain while all cats had involvement of what portion?
A
Dogs - Rostrotentorial Cats - Caudotentorial
22
Q
Palus et al: With CNS lymphoma all lesions where what intensity on T2 and T1 when compared to the white matter?
A
T2 hyperintense T1 hypointense
23
Q
Palus et al: All CNS lymphoma lesions exhibit what characteristic?
A
Mass effect Contrast enhancement
24
Q
Palus et al: CNS lymphoma is the most common tumor affecting the spinal cord and second most common intracranial tumor in what species?
A
Cat
25
Palus et al: There was what type of male to female ratio for CNS lymphoma?
1.7:1
26
Palus et al: The majority of lesions had normal or abnormal meninges surrounding it?
abnormal with half of the meninges contrast enhancing.
27
Le Roux et al: Why is the tracheal bifuraction angle worth little value when evaluating left atrial enlargement in dogs?
Large degree of overlap Poor sensitivity (15-40%)
28
Le Roux et al: What is the normal tracheal bifuraction angle on DV images in a dog?
60-90 degrees
29
Anjou et al: **Does using fat suppression techniques increase the likelhood of obtaining a diagnosis of meningeal enhancement on MRI?**
Yes..significantly--- in all Times of acquisition.
Time delay did NOT improve meningeal enhancement.
30
Anjou et al: **What type of fat suppression technique was used in this paper where fat suppression was looked at to see if it helps detect meningeal enhancement?**
Chemical shift fat suppression - not STIR because that would STIR out enhancement.
31
Anjou et al: **What disease process did difffuse and leptomeningeal enhancement occur more often?**
inflammatory
Neoplasia was always thicker though
32
What meningeal enhancement is considered always pathologic?
Leptomeningeal
33
Pachymeningeal enhancement is considered pathologic in humans when what is seen?
Mutiple contiguous slices thickness of \>2mm
Nodular pattern
34
Two different ways to characterize the distribution of meningeal enhancement?
Focal vs Regional.
35
Two different ways to characterize the distribution of meningeal enhancement?
Focal vs Regional.
36
Is meningeal enhancement seen in brain infarct?
Yes
37
What sequence has a longer TI...FLAIR or STIR?
FLAIR. Fat relaxes faster and therefore the nulling of the signal of fat is faster.
38
What are the most common LN to be enlarged with thoracic histiocytic sarcoma in dogs?
Sternal and TB
39
What is the occipital bone index in Schmidt et al study on syringomyelia?
It is the Volume (LxWxH) of the occipital bone compared to the entire skull volume.
40
In Schmidt et al study was there a significant difference in the occipital bone index between Cavies with syringomyelia, cavies without syringomyelia and Frenchies without caudal occipital malformation?
None.
41
Schmidt et al: Conclude what about caudal occipatal malformation and syringohydromyelia?
Occipital hypopaplasia is likely not a cause for syringomyelia
42
Piola et al: Suggest what changes are seen in incomplete humeral condyle ossification in a dog on MRI?
**_Heterogeneous (central area of hyperintensity) humeral condyle on STIR_**. - most common feature
This was seen in the contralateral limbs of dogs with incomplete ossification in the other limb. This was not see in normal dogs (dogs with both elbows normal).
So this might represent future fissure in the making.
43
Piola et al: what was the percentage of dogs with bilateral disease when looking at incomplete humeral condyle ossification on MRI?
60%
44
Piola et al: what percentage of fissures did radiographs miss that MRI picked up for IHCO?
32%
45
Piola et al: what breed and sex were more predisposed to IHCO?
Male Spaniels
46
Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, what type gave 100% positive predictive value? What are the characteristics of this?
Type 3 which is where the fluid signal is disrupted and a well-defined tissue is present
47
Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, where were the other most common lesions?
DDFT Navicular bone
48
Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, what was the best images to evaluate for bursa adhensions? what was the worse?
transverse - best dorsal - worst
49
Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, what were the best sequences to evaluate for adhesions?
PD or STIR
50
Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions,what did they say about their slice thickness at 3.5mm?
It was adequate
51
Jone et al: TB lymphadenopathy and diagnosis, what was the most common diagnosis?
Neoplasia with lymphoma
52
Jone et al: TB lymphadenopathy and diagnosis, what was the most common non-lymphoid neoplasia?
Carcinomas and histiocytic sarcoma
53
Holowinski et at: Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, Where do adhesions common occur?
1. DDFT
2. Collateral seasomoidean ligaments
3. Navicular bone
4. Distal sesamoidean impar ligament.
54
Having what enlarged increases you suspicion of an adhesion with the DDFT?
One side of the collateral sesamoidean ligament as seen in the picture CSL
55
Amort et al: MRI of LS disc degeneration in normal GSD, Disc degeneration of GSD was higher or lower (grades) than other dogs?
Higher.... GSD are predisposed to LS disc degeneration. This is independent from other disc spaces
56
Amort et al: MRI of LS disc degeneration in normal GSD, what was the difference between the alignment of the LS spine in GSD vs non-GSD dogs?
GSD had a mean malalignment of 2.85mm which is 1.8 times higher than other species.
LS protrusion greater than 2mm is considered clinically relevant.
57
Gutierrez et al: MRI features of cervical articular process degeneration in Great danes with wobblers, Where were the most severe changes?
Between C4-C5 and C7-T1
58
Gutierrez et al: MRI features of cervical articular process degeneration in Great danes with wobblers, What was the most frequent associated MRI feature with articular process degeneration?
Reduction or loss of hyperintense synovial fluid signal
59
Gutierrez et al: MRI features of cervical articular process degeneration in Great danes with wobblers, degenerative changes in the articular processes were correlated with what type of compression?
Lateral compression.
60
Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what is the sensitivity and specificity of radiographs for detecting incongruity?
sensitivity = 89%
Specificity = 92%
Making it a good screening tool for elbow encongruity.
61
Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what are the four signs of elbow incongruity?
Radioulnar step
enlarged humerounlar joint space
elliptic shape of the trochlear notch
cranial displacement of the humeral head
62
Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what is the advised oblique to look for elbow incongruity?
Cranial 15 degree medial - caudolateral
63
Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, **what was the most frequent sign for elbow incongruity?**
Radioulnar step
Widening of the humeroulnar and humeroradial joint space
64
Fat dogs and old dogs had decrease in their ability to do what with the lumbosacral joint?
Extend it and greater severity of spondylosis.
65
Reetz et al: CT features of pleural masses: **What lymph nodes drain the mediastinum?**
Cranial mesenteric
Sternal
66
Reetz et al: CT features of pleural masses: **What are your two ddx for pleural thickening with contrast enhancement?**
Inflammation/infectious (fungal, bacterial, FB)
Neoplastic (Mets, methositheoma)
67
Fischetti et al: CT and MRI of cats with acromegaly: **What is the excess hormone related to Feline acromegaly?**
Growth hormone
Insulin-like growth factor 1
68
Fischetti et al: CT and MRI of cats with acromegaly: **What are the main soft tissue abnormalities of acromegaly in cats?**
Frontal bone thickened
Soft tissue accumulation of the nasal cavity, sinus and pharynx (respiratory issues)
Pituitary tumor - 5/6 cats
69
Johnson et al: MRI characteristics of vertebral injury: **What is the important finding of this paper?**
That the 3 compartment strategy is not just for osseous structures. Soft tissue injuries in these compartments can cause instability. So MRI is useful for looking for this.
70
Felumlee et al: US to locate retained testes: **What was the PPV and sensitivity of locating retained testes?**
100% For PPV
\>96% for sensitivity
71
Ketaki et al: Accuracy of CT in determining size of osteosarcoma: **What was the most accurate way in CT to measure the length of a canine appendicular osteosarcoma lesion using 0.625mm slices?**
**Using intramedullary and endosteal abnormalities (1.8% mean OVERestimation)**
Periosteal response and contrast enhancement was approximately 10% overestimation
72
Alexander et al: CT vs Rads in detection of pulmonary nodules: **Which modality outperformed the others (CT, rads, film) in finding the greatest number of pulmonary nodules and the smallest?**
CT - stat significant.
There was less interobserver variablitiy too.
73
Fukushima et al: CT of primary mass lesions in dogs: **What was the common CT findings in hepatocellular carcinoma?**
Central or marginal enhancement in the arterial phase **(NEVER DIFFUSE)**
Cyst-like lesions
Capsule formation
Hypoattenuating in the portal and equilibrium phase
74
Fukushima et al: CT of primary mass lesions in dogs: **What were common CT finding of adenoma and hyperplasia?**
Diffuse enhancement (~60%) - BUT, this was never seen in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hyperplasia rarely has a capsule and is smaller.
Adenomas commonly had contrast retention in portal phase.
75
Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: **What was the most common tumor type?**
Neuroendocrine/neuroblastoma (5/15)
76
Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: **What can help delinate ethmoid hematomas from soft tissue tumors?**
Ethmoid hematomas are iso to HYPERattenuating compared to the masseter muscle with well-defined margins. **THEY ARE CONTAIN A HYPERDENSE SWIRL (image)!**
Soft tissue tumors were all iso-intense with no swirl (swirl seen in image).
77
Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: **What is the major difference been sinusitis and soft tissue tumors?**
Bone lysis with tumors.
78
Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: **What are common features of neuroblastomas/neuroendocrine tumors?**
Retrobulbar or Ethmoid turbinate location (all reported ones)
Lysis of the cribriform/extension into the cranial vault.
79
Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; **What was was sensitivity and specificity of rads in detecting elbow incongruity confirmed on CT?**
89% sensitive
92% specific.. so not a bad job
80
Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; **What is the grading scale for CT for elbow incongruity?**
Normal (grade 0) = \<0.5mm radioulnar step
Grade 1 = 0.5-2mm
Grade 2 = 2-3mm
Grade 3 = \>3mm
81
Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; **What is a radiographic view for elbow incongruity?**
Cranial 15º medial-caudolateral projection
82
Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; **What was the best parameters for identifying elbow incongruity on rads?**
Radioulnar step
Widening of the radiohumarl and humeroulnar joint
On the LATERAL projection
83
Pelosi et al: caudal vena cava kinking in dogs with ascites; **What was the findings of this paper?**
Caudal vena cava kinking was noted at 2 liters of fluid was injected in the abdomen.
Ascites causes kinking and kinking does not cause ascites
ONLY seen on the right lateral.
84
Heng et al: US and nephroliths: **What US mode was better in detecting nephroliths and delinating their margins?**
Conventional - distal acoustic shadowing was more apparent.
- Less hyperechoic though
- more distinct margin
85
Heng et al: US and nephroliths: **What does spatial compounding do?**
Reduces speckle and clutter
Speckle - scatter from tissue texture
Clutter is acoustic noise from side-lobes, reverberation, etc
86
Heng et al: US and nephroliths: **Acoustic shadowing artifact is usually what with spatial compounding compared to conventional US?**
Acoustic shadowing is usually wider and less intense.
87
Adrian et al: Temperature a T1 relaxation time in horses; **does temperature affect T1 relaxation times?**
Yes
3.13ms/ºC increase in T1
88
Amort et al: MRI of the lumbosacral junction: **What was the difference between GSD and other dogs?**
Less signal intensity of the nucleus pulposus
Higher degeneration grades
Greater malalignment (2.85mm)
89
Reid et al: CT bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery diameter ratio in normal cats: **What is the normal upper brochial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter ratio cutoff for normal cats?**
\>0.91 mean ---- greater is bronchectasis.
90
Le Roux et al: Value of tracheal bifurcation angle measurement for left atrial enlargement in dogs: **What makes this a poor diagnostic test?**
Very poor sensitivity.
91
What type of cardiac abnormalities are noted in humans with pectus excavatum?
Decreased cardiac output
mitral valve prolapse
arrhythmias
92
What are the two types of pectus excavatum?
Acquired - upper airway obstruction
Congenital
93
What is the ddx for this?
Tracheal intussception
Foreign body
Mass
Kink
94
What is the description of Glimatosis cerebri?
Rare neoplasm characterized by diffuse and widespread infiltration of the CNS by glial cells with relative preservation of neural tissue architecture.
Two types:
Type I: Diffuse infiltration with no mass
Type II: Diffuse infiltration with a mass
95
Pey et al: Effect of steroid on adrenal gland size: **When were significant differences noted in the height of the cranial and caudal pole of adrenal glands after administration of hydrocortisone?**
4 months
This was at 20mg of hydrocortisone which is 5mg of pred.
96
Pey et al: Effect of steroid on adrenal gland size: **When did the adrenal glands regained normal size and shape after cessation of steroid adminstration?**
1 month
97
Combes et al: US of cat adrenal glands with hyperthyroidism: **What should**
98
Amort et al: MRI of the lumbosacral junction: **What else effects the degeneration of the LS disc besides breed?**
Age.
99
Quintana et al: MRI features of wobblers in great danes: **What was the most frequent feature associated with articular joint degeneration?**
Reduction of the hyperintense synovial fluid on T2W
100
Quintana et al: MRI features of wobblers in great danes: **Where were the most severe changes noted?**
C4-C5 and C7-T1
101
Quintana et al: MRI features of wobblers in great danes: **Degenerative changes of the articular process (affecting the synovial fluid or causing lateral hypertrophy) was correlated with what?**
Lateral compression
102
Tsukasgoshi et al: Decreased gallbladder emptying in dogs: **What conditions caused significant reduction of ejection fraction at 60min post meal compared to normal dogs?**
1. Mobile sludge
2. Immobile sludge
3. Gallbladder mucocele
All three with the mucocele having the greatest changes.
This means that sludge is not just a benign thing... may predispose the dogs to biliary disease.
103
Shanaman et al: CT subclinical middle ear disease in cats: **Is this a common oocurance?**
Yes - 34% of cats with CT ear abnormalities did not have a primary complaint/clinical signs of ear disease.
104
Shanaman et al: CT subclinical middle ear disease in cats: **What percentage of these subclinical cats had concurrent nasal disease?**
79% - so a lot
105
Shanaman et al: CT subclinical middle ear disease in cats: **Can you differentiate via CT between subclinical and clinical middle ear disease in cats?**
Nope... they look the same
Lysis was rare in both.
106
Da Costa: CT of wobblers: **Where were the main compression sites for wobblers in both medium and giant-breed dogs?**
C5-C7
107
Da Costa: CT of wobblers: **Giant breed dogs had what type of compression while large breed dogs had what type?**
Giant = lateral compression - multiple sites
Large breed = ventral and disc associated - one site.
108
Da Costa: CT of wobblers: **What was an important finding about giant breed dogs in this study?**
A number of compressive lesions were seen as far back as T2 so need to include that in your view.
109
Where does greyhound non-suppurative meningoencephalitis predominate in the brain?
The rostral cerebrum and caudate nuclei
Bilateral symmetrical.
110
When does postnatal gyrification of the canine brain occur?
Over the first 14 days of life... so lissencephalic dogs cannot be diagnosed until after that.
111
MRI characteristic of cerebral microbleeds: **What are the characteristics? What are some reasons?**
1. Not seen on T2 and T1
2. \<4mm on T2\*
3. No enhancement
Reasons
1. Hypertension
2. Carotid disease
3. Amyloid angiopathy
4. Vasculitis
5. Bleeding disorder
6. Trauma
112
Specchi et al: Anatomic variation in feline jugular veins: **What species have both external and internal jugular veins, and which ones have just one?**
Both - Cats and dogs
Just one - Horse
113
Specchi et al: Anatomic variation in feline jugular veins: **What jugular vein had the most variation (internal vs external)?**
Internal
External had no variation.
114
Oliveriera et al: CT of feline nasopharyngeal polyps: **What are the characterisitics of polyps?**
Strong rim enhancement
Smoothly marginated
Mass with stalk-like structure
Asymmetric tympanic bulla thickening with expansion of the tympanic bullae
Some lymph node enlargement is fine.
115
Mankin et al: T2 vs HASTE when evaluating TL discs in dogs: **What was the overall results of this paper?**
That HASTE and T2 are in pretty good relation when determining no lesion or non-surgical lesions (96-98%)
But when it comes to extradural lesions and surgical lesions it did not have that great of agreement (58-82%)
~10% of non-surgical or equivocal cases on T2 were deamed surgical on HASTE images... SO THERE IS A BENEFIT TO RUN HASTE TO EVALUATE THE SEVERITY OF THE COMPRESSION
116
Fields et al: Comparison of sedated US and CT in dogs: **What size of dog are lesions in the liver missed?**
\>25kg - this included clinically relevant lesions.
117
Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: **Porencephalic lesions communicate with what?**
Subarachnoid space or cerebral ventricles
118
Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: **What are the two subdivisions of porenchephaly?**
Developmental : focal neuronal migration disorder
Enphalocloastic: Secondary to ischemia, infection, trauma, etc
In utero infections common in ruminants
119
Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: **Where were these lesion?**
Cerebrum all.
120
Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: **What were the clinical signs?**
Asymmetimatic
Seizures
Vestibular/nystagmus **(there are vestibular nerves in the suprasylvian cortex in cats and suspect dogs... therefore lesions in the cerebrum can cause vestibular signs)**
121
Hittmair et al: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs: **What were the common clinical signs?**
Painful carpal flexion
Firm swelling on the medial aspect of the carpus.
122
Hittmair et al: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs: **Where does the abductor pollicis longus insert?**
first carpal bone.
123
Hittmair et al: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs: **What are the radiographic signs?**
Soft tissue swelling at the medial aspect of the carpus
Radiolucency with radiopaque contours in the distal raidal groove
Enthesophyte.
124
Ortega et al: Spondylosis and DISH in adacent segment disease: **What is the effect called where dogs develop adjacent segment disease to DISH or severe bridging spondylosis?**
Domino effect.
125
Ortega et al: Spondylosis and DISH in adacent segment disease: **How many consectutive intervertebral disc space need to be fused in order to create a domino effect in the TL vertebrae? What effect is noted on the fused disc spaces?**
\>2 fused.
The fused vertebrae are protected from degeneration.
The adjacent segments at the neighboring unfused IV disc spaces were more likely to be degenerative.
126
Ortega et al: Spondylosis and DISH in adacent segment disease: **What breeds are predisposed to spondylosis?**
Boxers
GSD
127
Lee et al: CT thoracic duct lymphogram in cats popliteal LN: **What was the optimal dose for this procedure? What was the optimal acquisition time?**
1.5ml
Helical CT as soon as possible after iohexol injection
128
Lee et al: CT thoracic duct lymphogram in cats popliteal LN: **Where was the cisterna chyli in cats?**
L3
129
Granger et al: GFR in healthy cat using CT: **What was the dose and scanning time used in this study?**
300mgI/kg
Single slice over the kidneys every 5 sec for ~2 min.
130
Granger et al: GFR in healthy cat using CT: **What was the finding when global GFR was compare to serum iohexol clearnance global GFR?**
CT GFR consistently UNDERESTIMATES GFR when compared to SIC GFR.
1.8 ml/min/kg CT
vs
2.5 ml/min/kg SIC
131
Singh et al: Adenocarcinoma mets to the brain; **What was an interesting MRI characteristic about this lesion? What was the explanation?**
Lack of contrast enhancement.
They discussed this might be due to steriods or increased intracranial pressure. So lack of contrast enhancement can't rule out mets
DDX for multifocal non-contrast enhancing, necrotizing lesions in the brain = granulomatous or infectious encephalitis.
132
Da Costa: Intervertebral and intravertebral ratios in dobermans with wobblers: **What was the conclusion about using intervertebral and intravertebral ratios in dobermans with wobblers?**
The ratios were the same in normal dogs and dogs with wobblers - so no use.
133
Seiler et al: HASTE imaging for identifying Arachnoid diverticula in dogs: **Was HASTE sequences helpful in identifying arachnoid divertiucla in dogs?**
YES - it increased diagnoses by 28% when compared to T2W only.
134
Johnson et al: Cranial thoracic spinal stenosis: **What type of dog was this condition seen in?**
Molosser type breeds (mastiff like)
Giant/large breed
Males
Young (9.5months)
135
Johnson et al: Cranial thoracic spinal stenosis: **What type of compression was seen?**
dorsolateral
lateral
dorsoventral
136
Johnson et al: Cranial thoracic spinal stenosis: **Where were the lesions most common?**
T2-T3 and T3-T4
All clinical localized to T3-L3
A) grade 0 normal
B) grade 2 - compression and stenosis
C) Grade 1 - stenosis with no compression
137
What are these structures: 1,3,4,11,12
1 = apical ligament of the dens
3 = Transverse ligament
4 = Dorsal atlantoaxial lig
11 = Longus capitus
12 = Longus colli
138
What is number 3 and 10?
3 = transverse ligament
10 = dens
139
Middleton et al: MRI of ligamentous structures of the OAA region: **What sequence was used to best see the ligments of this region?**
Sagittal T1W or PD
140
Middleton et al: MRI of ligamentous structures of the OAA region: **What was needed to visualize the alar ligaments of this region?**
20º dorsal plane in 0.6mm slices.
141
Jones et al: US injections of the saroiliac joint: **What are the labeled structures?** **Which ones could be consistently injected?**
DSL = Dorsal sacroiliac ligament\*
VSL = Ventral sacroiliac ligament\*
ScC = synchondrosis component\*
SnC = synovial component
\* = consistently injected
142
Bedu et al: Age related thoracic radiographic changes in golden and labs with muscular dystrophy: **What are the radiographic signs?**
1. **Flattening or scalloped diaphragmatic shape**
2. **Pulmonary hyperinflation**
3. **Hiatal hernia**
4. _Cranial_ pectus excavatum
5. Bronchopneumonia
6. Megaesophagus.
143
Bedu et al: Age related thoracic radiographic changes in golden and labs with muscular dystrophy: **What is the grading scale for hiatal hernias?**
Thoracic ratio
144
Terrangni et al: Stomach wall evaluation using hydro-CT: **What was the volume (ml water/Kg) that gave adequate gastric distension?**
30ml water/kg
145
Pease et al: US guided cervical centesis to obtain cerebrospinal fluid in horse: **Where do you take it?**
C1-C2 - lateral approach
146
Sharpley et al: Color and power doppler US for Splenic masses in dogs: **What was significantly associated with malignancy?**
Peritoneal effusion
Tortuous vessel/aberrant vessel nearly significant (0.06)
147
Lobacz et al: Effect of breed, age, gender on renal size in dogs: **What is the accepted ratio (kidney:L2) in dogs? What significantly affected this ratio?**
2.5-3.5 ratio
Weight (\<10kg was significantly different from \>30kg)
148
Smith et al: Common surgical implants in MRI: **What type of metal had the largest susceptibility artifact?**
1. Steel
2. Stainless steel
3. Titanium
4. Lead
149
Couturier et al: US of feline stomach: **What was the mean thickness of the caudal esophagus, cardia, plyorus?**
1. 4.9mm
2. 5.0mm
3. 4.4mm
Duodenum was around 2.5mm
150
CT is better at looking for hemorrhage in the what time frame?
First 6 hours.
151
Lowrie et al: Concurrent medical conditions and long-term outcome in dogs with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: **What was the most common reason of non-traumatic hemorrhage?**
Angiostrongylus vasorum
Others:
1. Mets
2. Lymphoma
3. Hypertension
1. CKD
2. Hypothyroid
3. Cushing's
4. Septic
5. Carotid disease/heart disease
152
Draper et al: US renal dimensions in TB horses: **Where are the kidneys commonly found? What is the length and width of the kidneys?**
Both right and left intercostal space - 15-17th
Left - 15cm x 9cm
Right - 16cm x 9cm
153
Hammond et al: Rads of the TMJ: **What si the best projection for the TMJ in dogs?**
lateral 20º rostral - laterocaudal oblique. (Nose up with vertical beam)
154
Jones et al: TB lymphadeopathy and diagnosis: **What were the two most common ddx?**
Neoplasia (85%) - Majority lymphoma (60%) but **some histiocytic, mets**
Infectious (15%) - All fungal/nocardia/mycrobacteria
155
Dyson et al: Rads of the 3rd carpal bone: **What was associated with lameness related to the middle carpal joint?**
1. Increased opacity of the third carpal bone
2. Increased uptake on radiopharm - Dorsal images most useful
3. Ratio of radiopharmaceutical uptake
4. Large medullary lucencies and marginal lucencies in the 3rd carpal bone
But these were also noted in normal horses
156
What does PERCIST stand for?
Positron Emission tomography Response Criteria In Solid Tumors
157
A cholesteatoma is a what?
Cholesterol granuloma.
This was in the 4th ventricle
Ddx: Epidermoid cyst, atypical meningioma, parasitic cyst, abscess, dermoid cyst
158
Giguere et al: Association with rads and outcome in foals with R. equi pneumonia: **What score (0-22) had a significantly higher chance of death?**
greater or equal to 15 were 6.15x higher to die.
159
Giguere et al: Association with rads and outcome in foals with R. equi pneumonia: **What radiographic findings were significantly associated with a poor outcome?**
Severity of the alveolar pattern
Number of cavitary lesions
160
What is pituitary apoplexy?
Syndrome caused by sudden compression of parasellar structures - usually due to hemorrhagic infarct of a pituitary tumor.
161
Diffuse restriction of a cerebral infarct usually stay hypointense on ADC for how many days?
7-10days
162
Junco et al: MRI finding with equine solar penetration wounds: **When was the pentrating tract more likely to be seen?**
The first week post injury
163
Junco et al: MRI finding with equine solar penetration wounds: **What was the best sequence to assess for the penetrating wounds?** **Why?**
T2\*
Orientation with the DDFT
Reduced scan time
Enhanced magnetic susceptibility
164
Chalmers et al: US for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses: **What muscle is commonly affected?**
Cricoarytenoideus lateralis m.
165
Chalmers et al: US for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses: **What was the US signs for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?**
INcreased echogenicity of the left cricoarytenoideus lateralis
95% specific and sensitive
166
Wenzinger et al: Rads of standing cattle coxofemoral joint: **what is the best angle for this?**
25º (22-30)
Had the least distortion and superimposition
167
What is this and what are the concern?
Nasofrontal suture exostosis
Blockage of the nasolacrimal duct
168
What type of pattern is noted in paragangliomas on T2W images?
Salt and pepper
169
Horses that have a good chance in returning to work will have what happen to there DDF lesion over time on MRI?
Reduction of STIR and T2W signal
T1 and PD will never go away.
170
What position is best for finding pneumo?
Horizontal beam and left lateral....the right lateral horizontal beam was the best
no difference with pleural effusion.
171
How do you tell OCD, reactive, disco, fat and smorls node apart on MRI?
OCD will have a defect
Smorls is in the center and likely has a disc thing in it
FAT will STIR out
Diso is irregular
Reactive does not CE
