VRU 2014 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Nakamura looked at contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings in three dogs with insulinomas… what did they find about the enhancement pattern?
A
That they vary.
2
Q
Vaquero et al: Traditional and novel vertebral ratios on Great Danes with and without wobblers, How was the new ratio measured?
A
IN the VD image
The distance between articular process joint vs vertebral body width (A/B)
3
Q
Vaquero et al: Traditional and novel vertebral ratios on Great Danes with and without wobblers, the VD ratio was significant;y associated with what?
A
Spinal cord compression
4
Q
Vaquero et al: Traditional and novel vertebral ratios on Great Danes with and without wobblers, The VD ratios was significantly smaller in affected GDs at what disc space?
A
C5-C6 and C6-C7
5
Q
Vaquero et al: Traditional and novel vertebral ratios on Great Danes with and without wobblers, for each 0.1 unit increase in the VD ratio value there was a what % decrease in the odds of spinal cord compression being present REGARDLESS OF THE SITE?
A
65% decrease.
- 00 = 0.01 probability of compression
- 4 ration = 0.91 probability of compression
6
Q
What is the difference betwen the intravertebral ratio vs intervertebral ratio when looking at cervical spondylomyopathy?
A
Intravertebral ratio– defined as the minimum in-travertebral sagittal diameter divided by the correspond-ing vertebral body height
Intervertebral ratio– defined as the minimum inter-vertebral sagittal diameter divided by the correspondingvertebral body height.
7
Q
Szabo et al: CT bronchial wall to pulmonary artery diatmeter ratio in dogs, what ratios were more accurate, caudal lungs or cranial lungs?
A
Cranial when a receiver operating characteristic curve was produced
8
Q
Szabo et al: CT bronchial wall to pulmonary artery diatmeter ratio in dogs, what ratio in the cranial lungs was found to have a 77% sensitivity and 100% specificity for predicting chronic bronchitits?
A
>0.6
9
Q
Szabo et al: CT bronchial wall to pulmonary artery diatmeter ratio in dogs, what lungs were significantly greater in the ratio, caudal or cranial?
A
Cranial
10
Q
Szabo et al: CT bronchial wall to pulmonary artery diatmeter ratio in dogs, was there a significance when hemithoraxes, weight of patient, age, image thickness or CT machine used was looked at?
A
NO
11
Q
What is the sensitivity of thoracic radiographs diagnosising chronic bronchitits?
A
65%
12
Q
Szabo et al: CT bronchial wall to pulmonary artery diatmeter ratio in dogs, what was the PPV and NPV of the cutoff of 0.6?
A
100% PPV
95% NPV
13
Q
Szabo et al: CT bronchial wall to pulmonary artery diatmeter ratio in dogs, what lung lobes are considered most accurate?
A
Cranial.. Caudal is too small and all were under the 0.6 ratio even the affected.
14
Q
What is the BA ratio cut off for bronchectasis in a cat?
A
0.9 ratio
15
Q
Paragonimiasis is commonly seen in what lobes?
A
Caudal lungs
16
Q
What is the common radiographic finding of paragonimous?
A
Multiloculated pneumatocysts in dogs (pic)
Ill-defined interstitial nodular densities in cats
17
Q
Parzefell et al: MRI of CNS neosporosis: Most common characteristic of neospora?
A
****Bilateral and symmetrical cerebellar atrophy.
Spinal cord intramedullary lesions
Multifocal brain lesions (grey and white mater)
18
Q
Parzefell et al: MRI of CNS neosporosis: Is transmitted how and is what kind of parasite?
A
Transmitted transplacentally
Obligate intracellular protozoan
19
Q
Hart et al: US of the outer medulla in normal dogs: What size of dogs had the highest frequency of hyperechoic outer medulla?
A
<5kg
Younger dogs
Dogs >40kg did not have it at all.
20
Q
Hart et al: US of the outer medulla in normal dogs: What is the conclusion of this study?
A
Hyperechoic appearance of the outer medulla in the kidneys can be normal appearance
21
Q
Levine et al: Contrast fluoroscopy in dysphagic cats: What were the most common abnormalities noted in dysphagic cats?
A
- Hiatal hernia
- Esophageal strictures
- Esophageal dysmotility
ESOPHAGEAL PROBLEMS
No cricopharyngeal or oropharyngeal dysphagia noted.
22
Q
Kutara et al: Triple phase CTA for hepatic masses: What were the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinomas? Nodular hyperplasia? Mets?
A
HCC - Heterogenous pattern with any contrast enhancement
Nodular hyperplasia - Homogenous pattern hyper to isoattenuating
Mets - Homogeneous and hypoattentuating
So you can tell the difference s they say.
23
Q
Fina et al: CT characteristics of eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis in dogs: What age groups were these dogs? What infectious disease should be tested for?
A
Young <5yo
Large breed dogs
Heartworm
24
Q
Fina et al: CT characteristics of eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis in dogs: What type of CT characteristics are seen?
A
Smoothly marginated, heterogeneous pulmonary mass
HONEYCOMB-LIKE enhancement pattern.
CAUDAL LUNG LOBES
25
Birch et al: CT of cisterna chyli in dogs: **Where is the chyli located?**
L1-L4
26
Birch et al: CT of cisterna chyli in dogs: **What is the normal size (mm) and the normal Ao:cisterna chyli ratio?**
5-9mm
0.3-0.7 - ratio
27
Birch et al: CT of cisterna chyli in dogs: **What was the enhancement characteristics of the cisterna chyli?**
Most (80%) mildly constrast enhanced
28
What are the types of tumor response criteria in MRI and contrast CT?
Rano
MacDonald
Recist
29
Lam et al: HU measurements of liver and kidney in cats with lipidosis: **What was the findings of this paper?**
HU (x-ray attenuation) is not accurate predictor of lipiodsis as they all were around 70HU.
30
Hanazono et al: US findings related to prognosis in canine TCC: **What ultrasound characteristics were associated with a bad prognosis?**
1. Wall involvement
2. Heterogeneous mass
3. Trigone location
31
Hanazono et al: US findings related to prognosis in canine TCC: **What was wall involvement on US related to?**
Worst prognosis and histological muscular layer involvment.
32
Sislak et al: US characteristics of lipiduria in normal cat: **Were the echoes in the bladder gravity dependent?**
None of the lipid particles were gravity dependent.
33
Sislak et al: US characteristics of lipiduria in normal cat: **Increase urine diaclyglycerol was significantly associated with what?**
Clumping of echoes
Amoung of lipid droplets on urinalysis.
Amound of echoes seen on ultrasound.
34
Atiee et al: US of histo in cat spleen: **What is the second most common fungal disease in cats?**
Histoplasmosis
35
Atiee et al: US of histo in cat spleen: **What types of histo are there?**
Disseminated
Splenic
36
Atiee et al: US of histo in cat spleen: **What are the US characteristics of histo in the spleen?**
Enlarged spleen
Hypoechoic (homogeneous mostly - 1 cat had discrete nodules)
37
Atiee et al: US of histo in cat spleen: **Was cytology of the spleen helpful in diagnosing histo?**
Yes... highly specific but sensitivity is unknown.
38
Atiee et al: US of histo in cat spleen: **What is the normal splenic thickeness of a cat?**
7.1 +/- 1.2
39
Scrivani et al: Arterial flow on CT and Digital subtraction in cats with open or closed mouth: **Where does the maxillary artery common course? What happens to that space when the mouth is open?**
Between the angular process of the mandible and the rostrolateral wall of the tympanic bulla.
This space reduces significantly when the mouth is open. This distance was less on the ipsilateral to the gag.
40
Scrivani et al: Arterial flow on CT and Digital subtraction in cats with open or closed mouth: **What happens to opacification of vessels in open mouth?**
Reduced - maxillary arteries (rostral to the angular process) - The arteries that supply the eye orginate downstream from this and therefore this is why some cats might go blind from having their mouth open.
Cerebrum had reduced opacification compared to cerebellum
Cerebral arterial circle and basilar artery to the cerebellum had simultaneous opacification in 4/6 cats. (collateral flow is suspected) Normal flow is first Cerebrum then basilar
41
Maria et al: Rads of pulmonary fibrosis in nine cats: **What were the three common things seen on histopath in all cats?**
1. Pulmonary fibrosis
2. Type 2 penumocyte hyperplasia
3. Smooth muscle hypertrophy
42
Maria et al: Rads of pulmonary fibrosis in nine cats: **What were the radiographic characteristics of these cats?**
Super diverse: broncho-interstital, alveolar, masses, bullae, pleural effuse
Can mimic many other diseases: asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, neoplasia.
43
Grosset et al: Rad anatomy and barium sulfate contrast time in bearded dragons: **What was the dose?**
15ml/kg of 35% suspension in an esophageal gavage.
44
Grosset et al: Rad anatomy and barium sulfate contrast time in bearded dragons: **what is the emptying time of the stomach, SI?**
Stomach 24h max
SI 24-48h max
Contrast to the colon 12-72h
45
Lande et al: Prevalence of CT subchondral bone lesiosn in the shoulder of dogs: **What was a surprising finding in this paper?**
Cyst-like lesion in the glenoid cavity of the scapula
46
Ryan et al: MRI of ventriculomegaly in english bulldogs: **What is this?**
Craniopharyngeal canal.
Thought to be lack of closure of rathke's pouch. It seem no clinical signs and brachycephalic dogs are more prone.
47
Ryan et al: MRI of ventriculomegaly in english bulldogs: **What was the conlcusion of this paper?**
Lateral ventriculomegaly is common in bulldogs and likely incidental (not related to intracranial lesions)
Fusion of the rostral colliculi does not cause stenosis of the cerebral aquaduct and therefore not a reason for ventriculomegaly.
48
Ryan et al: MRI of ventriculomegaly in english bulldogs: **What other common abnormalities are noted in bulldogs?**
Septum pellucidum and corpus collosum atrophy or aplasia.
49
Joslyn et al: MRI contrast enhancement of extra-occular muscle in normal dogs: **Is contrast enhancement of the extra-ocular muscles normal?**
Yes with 45% enhancement - persisted at 10 min post contrast.
This is greater than the pterygoid (23% enhancement)
50
Secrest et al: Halo sign and reverse halo sign in dogs on CT: **What are these signs and what do they mean?**
Ground glass surrounding a pulmonary nodules
Is not associated with any type of disease.
51
Lisciandro et al: B-lines in dogs with lung disease vs normal: **What was the percentage of dogs that did not have disease have B-lines and what percentage of dogs that did have disease had B-lines?**
11% of normal dogs had B-Lines
100% of dogs with disease (left HF) had B-lines.
52
Armory et al: CT of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs: **What are the top four characteristics?**
1. Associated with the teeth
2. Contrast enhancing
3. Alveolar bone lysis
4. Tooth displacement
53
Armory et al: CT of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs: **What type of tumors were associated with cyst-like structures?**
54% of all odontogenic tumors had cyst-like lesions
WERE ONLY PRESENT IN TUMORS CONTAINING EPITHELIUM
1. Ameloblastoma (INTRA-OSSEOUS)
2. Ameloblastic fibroma
3. Odontoma
Not Cementine producing tumors or Epulis.
54
Choi et al: US of Gallbladder mucocele: **What type of mucocele was more associated with rupture?**
Type 2
55
Choi et al: US of Gallbladder mucocele: **How many of the dogs with mucoceles were asymptomatic?**
Over 50%
56
Choi et al: US of Gallbladder mucocele: **What was suggested as a way to choose if a dog should go to surgery?**
1. Elevated T-bili
2. Signs of hepatobiliary disease
3. Type 2 mucoceles.
57
Cooper et al: CT and MRI for detection of IV disc herniation in dogs: **Which modality was more sensitive?**
MRI with 99% sensitivity.
CT - 89%
58
Cooper et al: CT and MRI for detection of IV disc herniation in dogs: **MRI was more accurate than CT for identifying what?**
The site of spinal cord compression
Differentiating disc extrusion vs protrusion
59
Cooper et al: CT and MRI for detection of IV disc herniation in dogs: **When was CT less accurate?**
Lesion localization
Chondrodystrophic
female
older
smaller (\<7kg)
60
Frilling et al: Nasal cycle on MRI and CT: **What portion was the nasal cycle seen in?**
Rostral
NOT the ethmoturbinates, vomer, hard palate or frontal sinus
61
Frilling et al: Nasal cycle on MRI and CT: **What sequence were these changes most apparent?**
T2W
62
De Bakker et al: MRI of Flexor enthesopathy: **What was the most common lesion found?**
1. Thickening of the flexor muscles
2. Hyperintense tendon
3. CE
Others included irregual medial humeral epicondyle,edema, calcified body lesions
63
De Bakker et al: MRI of Flexor enthesopathy: **Was MRI able to separate primary vs concomitant flexor enthesopathy?**
NO
64
De Bakker et al: CT of Flexor enthesopathy: **Was CT able to separate primary vs concomitant flexor enthesopathy?**
NO
65
De Bakker et al: CT of Flexor enthesopathy: Were lesions consistent with FE seen in normal dogs and dogs with elbow dysplasia?
NO
66
Butcher et al: Renal dimensions in horses: **Where is the left and right kidney located? How big are they?**
15-17th rib.
Right and left kidney: 16cm x 12cm x 7cm
These did not differ from transabdominal or translumbar
67
Specchi et al: CT characterisitc of collateral venous pathways in dogs with CVC obstruction: **What are the 5 segments that the CVC is divided into?**
1. Pre-renal
2. Renal
3. Prehepatic
4. Hepatic - pentrates the caudate lobe
5. Post-hepatic
68
Specchi et al: CT characterisitc of collateral venous pathways in dogs with CVC obstruction: **What types of congenital obstructions of the CVC are there?**
Membranous obstruction - Atrium
Segmental dilation
Aneurysmal
69
Specchi et al: CT characterisitc of collateral venous pathways in dogs with CVC obstruction: **What are the types of collateral pathways?**
1. **Superficial collateral pathway** - Subcutaneous vessels draining from the deep circumflex iliac veins into the intercostal viens and then into the azygos OR DCIv can anastomose with the caudal epigastric and caudal superficial epigastric veins ending in the internal thoracic v.
2. **Intermediate collateral pathway** - From the iliac veins to the renal or gonadal veins to the post obstructive CVC. Multiple tortuous vessels around the ureters and uterine horn.
3. **Portal pathway -** Multiple toruous vessels around rectum (rectal plexi) which communicates with the portal vein.
4. **Deep collateral pathway -** Multiple lumbar veins draining from the obstructed CVC to the internal vertebral venous plexus and then to the azygus
70
Lymph node centers can be divided into two main parts called:
1. Visceral (hepatic, splenic, gastric, pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileocolic, and colic)
2. Pariteal (periaortic, renal, medial iliac, internal iliac, and sacral)
71
Lustgarten et al: Elastograhic characteristics of horses without tendon injury: **Was there a difference between standing and non-weight bearing?**
NO..
72
Lustgarten et al: Elastograhic characteristics of horses without tendon injury: **What happens to the elastographic number when the stiffness is measured longitudinally vs transverse?**
Increases meaning the tissues are getting softer
_This is only for the flexors and not the suspensory lig._
73
What does the whirl sign mean?
Mesenteric torsion.
74
What parasite should be looked for when seeing retroperitoneal hemorrhage and hemorrhage in general?
A. Vaserum - invasion of the mesenteric artery and coagulopathy
75
What are the causes for subperiosteal hematoma?
Trauma
Infection/inflammation (local or close to it)
Parasitic (A vaserum)
Neoplasia
Coagulopathy
Idiopathic.
76
Normal enhancement of the meninges is commonly what?
Pachymeningeal. Dural.
77
What can cause normal difference in diffuse in the brain on DWI?
Difference in myelination
Difference in neural denisty
Difference in tracts/fiber orientation
78
What is the classifications of vertebral abnormalities noted brachycephalic dogs and which one was most likely to cause neuro problems? Where are they most common?
Dorsal and lateral compression is most likely to cause neuro problems
Most common in T7, T8 and T12
79
Gory et al: US of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs: **What is average thickness of the cardia and esophagus?**
Cardia- 7-15mm --- larger with larger breed dogs
Esophagus 4-6mm --- larger with larger breed dogs
80
Gory et al: US of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs: **What is the difference in echogenicity of the esophagus and stomach?**
Stomach is hypoechoic and the esophagus is hyperechoic (consistent with a cornified mucosa and grandular portion of the submucosa)
The cardia has a thickened muscularis layer.
81
Simpler et al: Evaluation of WARP-turbo sequence in 3T: **What does the WARP-turbo sequence used for and how does it work?**
It is a suspectibility reduction sequence for TPLO - reduces by about 75% sagital and 50% dorsal compared to coventional
WARP is not an acroynm
It uses view angle tilting, slice encoding metal artifact correction and increased bandwidth
82
Podadera et al: Stifle flexion angle in MRI of the dog CCL: **What degree of flexion is recommended?**
90º is best for visualization of the CCL
83
Young et al: Evaluation of MRI characterisitc of neoplasia, inflammatory and vascular brain lesions in dogs: **What was the most common histologically confirmed intracranial disease?**
Neoplasia (51/75) 68%
84
Young et al: Evaluation of MRI characterisitc of neoplasia, inflammatory and vascular brain lesions in dogs: **What were the characteristics that suggest neoplasia in this study?**
1. Strong enhancement
2. Extra-axial
3. T2-FLAIR mixed intensity
4. Well-defined margins
85
Young et al: Evaluation of MRI characterisitc of neoplasia, inflammatory and vascular brain lesions in dogs: **What were the characteristics that suggest inflammatory disease in this study? Vascular disease?**
1. Multifocal disease
2. Irregular space
3. Meningeal enhancement
Nothing distinguished vascular lesions but appeared most like neoplasia
86
Manteiga et al: CT protocol for gunshot head trauma in seal: **What reduced CT metal artifact in this study? what did not?**
Metal artifacts were minimized with - High frequency reconstruction algorithm and wide window setting (bone algorithm and bone window)
Metal artifacts were NOT reduced using increased tube voltage and beam hardening reduction mode.
87
Barret et al: Radiographic findings primary lung tumors dogs: **What was significantly different about the size and location of histiocytic sarcoma?**
Histiocytic sarcomas are larger taking up the entire lung
HS is commonly in the right middle and left cranial.
57% or the majority had air bronchograms.
88
What are the two types of cardiac gating?
Prospective
Retrospective
89
What are the two types of cardiac gating? And what is the difference?
Retrospective ECG gating - you acquire the image throughout the length of the one or more cardiac cycles. Then the data is retrospectively separated out into different phases
Prospective ECG gating - you only acquire an image at a certain phase (most commonly end diastolic phase)
90
What is considered adequate HU for contrast enhancement of cardiac studies on CT?
250-300 HU - more than 300 can obscure calcified plaques
91
What are the divisions of the coronary arteries?
Left and right.
The left divides into three different branches
92
Martin et al; Novel vertebral ratios in great danes with Cervical spondylomyelopathy; **What were the three different ratios that were compared in this paper?**
Traditional - on sagital view
1. Intravertebral ratio = B/A
2. Intervertebral Ratio = D or C/A
New ratio - VD view
1. A/B on VD view
93
Martin et al; Novel vertebral ratios in great danes with Cervical spondylomyelopathy; **For every 0.1 unit increase in the ratio value of the VD ratio they found a what percentage decrease in the odds of spinal cord compression?**
65%
94
Martin et al; Novel vertebral ratios in great danes with Cervical spondylomyelopathy: **Which ratio was significantly associated with MRI compression?**
VD ratio.
95
Martin et al; Novel vertebral ratios in great danes with Cervical spondylomyelopathy: **What disc spaces had the smallest ratio on the VD ratio?**
C5-C6 and C6-C7
96
Martin et al; Novel vertebral ratios in great danes with Cervical spondylomyelopathy: **What VD ratio gave the researchers a 91% probability of compression?**
0.4
97
Schober et al: Radiographic and echo assessment of LA size in cats in CHF: **What are the reference values for the vertebral heart score and cardiothoracic ratio in cats?**
\>8.1 VHS
\>0.77 cardiothoracic ratio.
98
Schober et al: Radiographic and echo assessment of LA size in cats in CHF: **How many cats recieved furosemide before rads?**
43% - this is just clinical and not boards.
99
Schober et al: Radiographic and echo assessment of LA size in cats in CHF: **What percentage of cats did not have cardiomegaly on rads that were in congestive heart failure?**
36%
51% - had no venous enlargement.
This means that a lot of cats may not have cardiovascular changes.
100
Schober et al: Radiographic and echo assessment of LA size in cats in CHF: **What is the limit to the LA diameter in cats?**
15.7mm or 16.5mm in the papers
SO... 16mm.
101
Lamb et al: MRI vs radigraphy for guiding injection of distal interphalangela joint collateral ligaments: **What modality was better?**
MRI.
102
Taylor et al: US characteristics of canine renal lymphoma: **What percentage had bilateral lesions?**
90%
103
Taylor et al: US characteristics of canine renal lymphoma: **All dogs had what US finding?**
pyelectasia
104
Taylor et al: US characteristics of canine renal lymphoma: **What were the findings in dogs with renal lymphoma?**
Pyelectasia (10/10)
Loss of corticomedullary distinction (9/10)
Renomegaly (8/10)
Renal deformity (6/10)
Hypoechoic lesion (6/10)
105
Taylor et al: US characteristics of canine renal lymphoma: **what percentage of dogs had minor lesions?**
30%
106
Taylor et al: US characteristics of canine renal lymphoma: **Overview of this finding this paper.**
Lymphoma in the kidneys can be subtle - FNA is useful (78%) of the time for finding it.
Interesting CT of renal lymphoma and hemorrhage.
107
Reademacher et al: Transthoracic lung US in dogs with cardiogenic pulmonary edema: **What percentage of normal dogs had B lines?**
31%
108
Reademacher et al: Transthoracic lung US in dogs with cardiogenic pulmonary edema: **What was seen more often with CHF?**
More numerous B-lines
Widely distributed
Confluent b-lines
109
Finck et al: Measurements for mechanical obstruction: **What ratios were used in this study?**
SImax/L5 height
SImax/SImin
SImax/SI ave
110
Finck et al: Measurements for mechanical obstruction: **What was the limits for the ratios where it was very likely to have an obstruction and very unlikely?**
SImax/L5 \<1.4 is very unlikely
SImax/L5 \>2.4 is very likely
111
Finck et al: Measurements for mechanical obstruction: **What was correlated with obstructed dogs?**
Higher ratios
Segmental dilation
112
What are the differentials for an obstructive pattern in the intestines where a FB is not seen?
FB - linear or not
Sticture
neoplasia
Granuloma/abscess
113
Parzefall: MRI imaging of neosporta: **what were the main findings?**
Cerebellar atrophy
Multifocal disease
114
Vaquero et al: Comparsion CT and MRI in imaging evaluation of wobblers in great danes: **Where was the highest overall intermethod aggreement? The lowest?**
Highest agreement was at the main sight of compression
Lowest was at right-sided foraminal stenosis.
115
MacKenzie et al: Comparsion CT, fluoro and US for guiding percutaneous injection of the disc space: **What were they injecting and why?**
They were injecting gelified ethanol. This causes a split in the proteogylcans which reduces the size of the nucleus pulposus and thus reduces the protrusion
116
MacKenzie et al: Comparsion CT, fluoro and US for guiding percutaneous injection of the disc space: **What modality had the highest rate of injection success with the least amount of leakage?**
CT
117
MacKenzie et al: Comparsion CT, fluoro and US for guiding percutaneous injection of the disc space: **Biggest complication of this procedure?**
leakage into the spinal cord - happened alot.
118
Zarelli et al: An optimized protocol for the canine brain: **What is it?**
300mA - reduce noise
1mm slice - increase resolution
Sequential imaging - increase resolution
Medium frequency - optimal contrast resolution
Beam hardening correction
119
What is this? What does it tell you?
This is the Anconeal bump.
It is measured by the OFA and graded... the larger the grade the more likely it is to have elbow dysplasia.
However,.... 20% of dogs with this are normal.
120
Fukuda et al: CT features of canine noparenchymal hemangiosarcoma: **What do nonparenchymal hemangiosacromas look like on CT?**
The look like soft tissue sarcomas
- Heterogeneous pre-contrast
- invasive
Heterogeneously contrast enhancing.
121
Fukuda et al: CT features of canine noparenchymal hemangiosarcoma: **What was an unexpected finding in 13/17 tumors that may help differentiate hemangiosarcomas from STS?**
Presence of intense foci of contrast enhancement - **like contrast medium residing in vascular channels**
122
Woodland et al: Comparsion of rads, US and positive contrast vagiourethrography in determining repro status in female cats: **What modality is the most sensitive and specific?**
US by far... then compressive rads
123
Effects of hydration of GFR scintigraphy measured by intergral and plasma volume methods in dogs: **What method is hydration status more likely going to effect?**
Integral method which is bad... this paper wants you to do the plasma method.
124
Bertonlini et al: Caudal vena cava duplication CT: **The median body weight was what in dogs with CVC duplication vs dogs without it?**
Median body weight was significantly less
125
Bertonlini et al: Caudal vena cava duplication CT: **What breeds are at increased risk?**
Yorkies
Poodles
Westies
Maltese
126
Bertonlini et al: Caudal vena cava duplication CT: **What other vascular anomaly was associated with CVC duplication?**
Extrahepatic PSS.
127
Bertonlini et al: Caudal vena cava duplication CT: **A duplication of the CVC is created by what anatomic vein?**
Persistent left supracardinal vein
128
Yorke et al: Distal border fragment of the equine nvaicular bone: **what was the association with distal border fragments and lameness?**
There was no association
129
Yorke et al: Distal border fragment of the equine nvaicular bone: **What side was most common to find these distal border fragment?**
Lateral (63%) compared to 9% medial and 29% both
