VRU 2019 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
Spoor et al 2019; A novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis is in dogs: What were the key imaging findings?
A
Bilaterally symmetric T2 hyperintensity in the:
a) Frontal lobes
b) Caudate nuclei
c) Rostral internal capsule
+/- Faint wispy contrast enhancement
2
Q
Spoor et al 2019; A novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis is in dogs: How do the key imaging findings contrast to those previously reported?
A
Previously, intracranial coccidioidomycosis was characterized by a focal, strongly contrast enhancing granuloma and extensive vasogenic edema (usually unilateral).
3
Q
Spoor et al 2019; A novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis is in dogs: Which breed was overrepresented?
A
Schnauzer breeds.
4
Q
Spoor et al 2019; A novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis is in dogs: What was the prognosis? What were the imaging findings in those that recovered?
A
All patients that survived initially made a complete clinical recovery.
Imaging findings in recovered animals showed marked severe atrophy of the caudate nuclei and frontal lobes bilaterally.
5
Q
Hughes et al 2019; Abdominal CT evaluation of the liver and spleen for staging MCT: Can CT changes in the liver and spleen be specific for metastasis secondary to MCT?
A
No, CT shows a gamut of unrelated benign and malignant lesions i.e. it is not specific.
6
Q
Hughes et al 2019; Abdominal CT evaluation of the liver and spleen for staging MCT: What finding may be more concerning for MCT metastasis? What pattern was seen with the liver?
A
Hypoattenuating lesions in the spleen were more concerning for metastatic lesions.
The liver showed NO consistent pattern for metastasis.
7
Q
Auger et al 2019; Sedative drugs & variation in sonographic and radiographic splenic size in healthy cats: Which drug significantly increased US and rad size of splenic measurements?
A
Acepromazine.
8
Q
Auger et al 2019; Sedative drugs & variation in sonographic and radiographic splenic size in healthy cats: Which drug did not affect splenic size and would be a good choice to use if evaluating a cat with splenic disease?
A
Butorphanol.
9
Q
Auger et al 2019; Sedative drugs & variation in sonographic and radiographic splenic size in healthy cats: What change in splenic size happened with dexmed, torb + midaz, and dexmed + torb, midaz?
A
Increase in splenic size on rads, but not on ultrasound.
10
Q
Guio et al 2019: Bone marrow lesions of distal MCIII: What were the most commonly affected locations?
A
1) Dorsal aspects of the medial condyle
2) Sagittal ridge
11
Q
Guio et al 2019: Bone marrow lesions of distal MCIII: Did these lesions correlate with lameness?
A
No, no correlation between forelimbs (lame and non-lame), lesion severity and lameness group, or lesion severity and type of work.
12
Q
Guio et al 2019: Bone marrow lesions of distal MCIII: What was the prevalence of the lesions?
A
77%
13
Q
Thierry et al 2019: Canine and feline emphysematous gastritis versus gastric emphysema: What is gastric pneumatosis?
A
Defined as the presence of gas foci in the gastric wall.
14
Q
Thierry et al 2019: Canine and feline emphysematous gastritis versus gastric emphysema: How do you differentiate emphysema versus emphysematous?
A
The severity of clinical signs. Dogs and cats with emphysematous gastritis were systemically ill and had poor prognosis.
15
Q
Thierry et al 2019: Canine and feline emphysematous gastritis versus gastric emphysema: What was the ultrasonographic appearance?
A
Gastric wall thickening with loss of wall layering and diffuse, extensive extramural gas.
16
Q
Thierry et al 2019: Canine and feline emphysematous gastritis versus gastric emphysema: What are risk factors for emphysematous gastritis?
Cited source
A
1) NSAIDs
2) Pancreatitis
17
Q
Thierry et al 2019: Canine and feline emphysematous gastritis versus gastric emphysema: What are other findings that can occur with gastric pneumatosis and are not poor prognostic indicators?
A
1) Portal gas (resolves over time)
2) Pneumoperitoneum (small volume)
18
Q
Walczak et al 2019; Canine insulinomas on MRI: What signal characteristics did insulinomas display?
A
T2 hyperintensity (homogeneous or heterogeneous)
T1 isointense on post-contrast fat saturation (i.e. they contrast enhance, but similar to the degree of normal pancreatic parenchyma contrast enhancement)
19
Q
Walczak et al 2019; Canine insulinomas on MRI: Where do insulinomas most commonly met?
A
1) Liver
2) Regional lymph nodes
3) Peripancreatic mesentery
4) Omentum
20
Q
Walczak et al 2019; Canine insulinomas on MRI: What were the MRI characteristics of the mets?
A
T2 hyperintense with and without fat suppression
Homogeneous or heterogeneous T2 signal
21
Q
Oh et al 2019: CT bronchial collapsibility in healthy dogs: Which bronchi displayed the most collapse?
A
1) Dorsal segmental bronchus
2) Left caudal lobar bronchus
3) Right middle lobar bronchus
22
Q
Oh et al 2019: CT bronchial collapsibility in healthy dogs: What was the average % of bronchial narrowing in healthy dogs?
A
~50%
23
Q
Belmudes et al 2019: Pneumolabyrinth in French Bulldog with OM and OE: What is the most common cause of pneumolabyrinth in humans? What are the most common causes of non-traumatic pneumolabyrinth?
A
Pneumolabyrinth is most commonly seen secondary to trauma of the head, specifically temporal bone fracture.
Non-traumatic causes:
1) External force applied to thin membranes from barometric pressure change, compression trauma to the ear, and Valsalva’s maneuver.
2) Internal pressure change by increased CSF pressure (sudden lifting, coughing, or sneezing)
3) Erosion of membranes or destruction of inner and middle ear cavities by cholesteatoma, chronic OM, or neoplasia
24
Q
Anson et al 2019; CT retrograde positive cystography and CT EU of a urinary bladder diverticulum: What is a urinary bladder diverticulum? What are the general categories and underlying causes?
A
A urinary bladder diverticulum is a pouch-like invagination of the urothelial lining that projects through the muscular wall of the urinary bladder.
Diverticula can be congenital or acquired.
Congenital results from abnormal development of muscular layers and subsequent submucosal herniation.
Acquired are commonly secondary to trauma or outflow tract obstructions.
25
Anson et al 2019; CT retrograde positive cystography and CT EU of a urinary bladder diverticulum: Where do diverticula occur most commonly? What is the size cut off for a large diverticula?
**Cited source**
Congenital diverticula are commonly at the vesicular apex and are associated with urachal abnormalities.
If a diverticula is >5 cm, it is considered "giant".
26
Anson et al 2019; CT retrograde positive cystography and CT EU of a urinary bladder diverticulum: Why are urinary bladder diverticula important?
**Cited source**
1) Lead to recurrent bacterial infections secondary to urine stasis.
2) Obstruction secondary to urolith formation.
3) Vesico-ureteral reflux if they influence the UVJ.
4) Malignant transformation
5) Acute abdomen secondary to rupture.
27
Bertram et al 2019; Congenital malformations of the LS vertebral column in Frenchies, Bulldogs, and Pugs: What was the prevalence of congenital vertebral malformations and which one was most common? Which breed showed the highest prevalnce of this malformation?
51% of dogs in this study had at least 1 type of congenital lumbosacral vertebral malformation.
Transitional vertbrae was most common (34.2%) and Pugs had more lumbosacral transitional vertebrae compared to French and English Bulldogs.
28
Bertram et al 2019; Congenital malformations of the LS vertebral column in neurologically normal Frenchies, Bulldogs, and Pugs: What vertebral malformation was associated with more severe tail malformation and IVDH?
Hemivertebrae.
29
Bertram et al 2019; Congenital malformations of the LS vertebral column in neurologically normal Frenchies, Bulldogs, and Pugs: What breed did not show a high prevelance of hemivertebrae?
Pugs, and therefore, they did not show a high prevelance of tail malformations.
Hemivertebrae and tail malformations were common in French and English Bulldogs.
30
Bertram et al 2019; Congenital malformations of the LS vertebral column in neurologically normal Frenchies, Bulldogs, and Pugs: Where does spina bifida most commonly occur in clinically affected dogs?
**Cited source**
L7 and S1.
31
Carnevale et al 2019; CT and gross pathology for detecting degenerative SI lesions in dogs: What was the new sign identified in this study? Is it clinically significant?
"Subarticular cleft", which is a linear lucent region in articular surface of SI joint. It was not identified on gross necropsy and its clinical significance is unknown.
32
Tanaka et al 2019; Contrast CT may help characterize canine gastric tumors: What are the majority of gastric tumors and which portion of the stomach do they affect?
**Cited source**
Tumors that are epithelial in origin. They generally affect the distal 2/3 of the stomach.
32
Tanaka et al 2019; Contrast CT may help characterize canine gastric tumors: Which tumor had the lowest mean attenuation in the early and delayed post-contrast images?
Lymphoma (~40-50 HU). This tumor also tended to be homogeneously enhancing in the early phase.
33
Tanaka et al 2019; Contrast CT may help characterize canine gastric tumors: How does early gastric adenocarcinoma present?
Hyperattenuating polypoid lesion with intact submucosa, hyperenhancement of the muscularis layer, and a mucosal defect.
34
Tanaka et al 2019; Contrast CT may help characterize canine gastric tumors: What were the characteristics of leiomyomas?
Heterogeneous enhancement and higher HU (~80 HU) than lymphoma.
Localized focal mass lesions occurring in the gastric cardia (94% of leiomyomas occur in this region).
Single or multiple and often pedunculated.
Absence of lymphadenopathy.
35
Tanaka et al 2019; Contrast CT may help characterize canine gastric tumors: What percentage of canine adenocarcinomas have metastasized at the time of presentation and what are the common sites?
**Cited source**
74% of dogs at presentation will have metastasis.
Regional lymph nodes are the most common sites.
36
Tanaka et al 2019; Contrast CT may help characterize canine gastric tumors: What are the differences between lymphadenopathy in cases of canine gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma?
Lymphoma tended to have bigger, bulkier appearance to involved lymph nodes.
Adenocarcinoma metastatic lymph nodes were only mildly enlarged.
Lymphoma showed widespread lymphadenopathy as opposed to regional lymphadenopathy with adenocarcinoma.
Lymph nodes in both processes tended to have heterogeneous contrast enhancement with large overlap in HU, which therefore means HU are not helpful for differentiating them.
37
Rick et al 2019; CEUS characteristics of intrathoracic mass lesions in 36 dogs and 24 cats: What arterial vascularization coincides with systemic enhancement? What vascularization occurs prior to systemic enhancement?
Pulmonary arterial vascularization enhancement occurs prior to systemic enhancement.
Bronchial arterial vascularization enhancement coincides with systemic enhancement.
38
Rick et al 2019; CEUS characteristics of intrathoracic mass lesions in 36 dogs and 24 cats: What was the arterial supply for neoplastic pulmonary masses versus non-neoplastic pulmonary masses?
Neoplastic pulmonary masses were supplied by bronchial arteries (63%).
Non-neoplastic pulmonary masses were supplied by pulmonary arteries (78%).
However, sensitivity and specificity was low, meaning many neoplastic masses were vascularized by pulmonary arteries, resulting in high false negatives.
39
Rick et al 2019; CEUS characteristics of intrathoracic mass lesions in 36 dogs and 24 cats: What was the enhancement pattern for thymomas versus lymphoma?
Thymomas tended to enhance heterogeneously in a CENTRIPETAL pattern (86%) and lymphomas enhanced homogeneously in a CENTRIFUGAL pattern (75%).
Centrifugal = central to peripheral.
Centripetal = peripheral to central.
Thymomas also showed non-perfused areas in more than 50% of cases, while this finding was not observed in mediastinal lymphoma.
40
Rick et al 2019; CEUS characteristics of intrathoracic mass lesions in 36 dogs and 24 cats: Is CEUS sensitive and specific enough to differentiate neoplastic pulmonary masses?
No, the sensitivity and specificity was low; therefore, results should be used with caution.
41
Tamura et al 2019; CEUS is a feasible technique for quantifying hepatic microvascular perfusion in dogs with EPSS: What were the major findings?
Dogs with EPSS had significantly faster:
1) Hepatic artery rising time
2) Faster hepatic parenchymal rising time and TTPE
3) Faster portal vein to hepatic parenchymal transit time
Which means, EPSS dogs had faster enhancement of their hepatic arteries and parenchyma faster than normal dogs. This is likely due to arterialization secondary to decreased portal blood flow.
42
Fleming et al 2019; CT angio and MRI imaging features do not predict the tumor type and grade of feline injection site sarcoma (FISS): What were the differences in CT versus MRI? Did these features differentiate tumor grade?
1) FISS measured larger with MRI compared to CT (likely due to partial volume averaging).
2) Higher grade FISS may be larger than lower grade FISS on MRI.
3) The majority of peritumoral projections detected with MRI and CT were benign.
4) MRI tended to detect more peritumoral projections (opinion).
However, none of the features of FISS or peritumoral projections were associated with grade of FISS.
43
Fuerst & Hostnik 2019; CT attenuation values and mineral distribution can be used to differentiate dogs with and without gallbladder mucoceles: What was the difference in HU between gallbladder mucoceles, gallbladders with sludge, and gallbladders with no sludge.
Gallbladder mucoeles were hyperattenuating compared to normal gallbladders and gallbladders with sludge. An HU value of 48.6 is 52% sensitive and 96% specific for a mucocele.
44
Fuerst & Hostnik 2019; CT attenuation values and mineral distribution can be used to differentiate dogs with and without gallbladder mucoeles: What was the distribution of mineral between mucoceles, normal gallbladders, and gallbladders with sludge?
Mineral was seen in:
Normal dogs (20%)
Gallbladders with sludge (56%)
Mucoceles (50%)
The most important finding was that the mineral was often centralized in gallbladder mucoceles, which was not seen in the other categories.
45
von Stade et al 2019; CT imaging features of canine thymomas: What is the most common signalment for thymoma in dogs?
**Cited source**
Middle-aged to older large breed dogs. Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherd dogs are predisposed.
46
von Stade et al 2019; CT imaging features of canine thymomas: What are common paraneopalstic syndromes associated with canine thymoma?
**Cited source**
1) Myasthenia gravis
2) Cranial cava syndrome
3) Hypercalcemia
47
von Stade et al 2019; CT imaging features of canine thymomas: Which lymph node should be evaluated for thymoma metastasis?
Sternal lymph nodes. The presence of sternal lymphadenopathy was not associated with the presence of metastasis (i.e., normal lymph nodes were metastatic, and only one enlarged lymph node out of 6 was metastatic).
47
von Stade et al 2019; CT imaging features of canine thymomas: What were common features of larger thymomas? Were there features associated with poorer outcome?
1) Vascular invasion
2) Internal cysts
No, neither large size or vascular invasion was associated with poor outcome. Only incomplete tumor excision was associated with a poor outcome.
48
Jones et al 2019; CT measures of lumbosacral paraspinal musculature: What were the major findings from this study?
Transverse paraspinal LS muscle volume differed between hip flexion (greater) and
extension on CT, and muscle ratios did not correlate with parasagittal foraminal area
changes and LS range of motion.
49
Ryu et al 2019; CT variants of caudal CVC in 121 small breed dogs: What were the variants identified and relative prevalence?
Right-sided:
- Normal
- Caudal partial split (14%)
- Partial duplication (6.6%)
- Complete duplication (5.8%)
Left-sided:
- Left-sidedness (0.8%) [Persistence of left supracardinal vein and regression of the right]
Overall prevalence of 27.3%.
50
Ryu et al 2019; CT variants of caudal CVC in 121 small breed dogs: How is the normal caudal vena cava formed?
**Cited source**
Appearance and regression of the bilateral:
1) Caudal cardinal veins
2) Subcardinal veins
3) Supracardinal veins
Anastomosis of the right supracardinal and subcardinal veins forms the renal segment.
Caudal portion of the right supracardinal vein forms the prerenal segment.
51
Ryu et al 2019; CT variants of caudal CVC in 121 small breed dogs: Which breeds most commonly have caudal CVC variants?
- Yorkies
- Maltese
- Poodles
52
Ryu et al 2019; CT variants of caudal CVC in 121 small breed dogs: What other vascular anomaly was seen with caudal CVC variation?
EPSS.
53
Ryu et al 2019; CT variants of caudal CVC in 121 small breed dogs: What was a common anatomic variation between right-sided variants?
The bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins joined to the ipsilateral common iliac veins in the caudal partial split, but joined the CVC in the duplication types.
54
Stahle et al 2019; Diffusion weighted MRI is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease: What was the major finding?
Measured ADC values did not differ between benign and metastatic lymph nodes.
55
Stahle et al 2019; Diffusion weighted MRI is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease: Which characteristics are associated with malignancy?
**Cited source**
1) Perinodal enhancement
2) Heterogeneous or contrast rim-enhancement
3) Abnormal hilus
56
Stahle et al 2019; Diffusion weighted MRI is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease: Describe diffusion weighted imaging.
**Cited source**
The image contrast in DI MRI is created by random microscopic motion of water molecules (Brownian motion). Brownian motion represents uninhibited or free diffusion, which is in contrast to movement of water within biological tissues.
The degree of restriction within biological tissue is proportional to overall tissue cellularity and integrity of cell membranes.
Highly cellular tissues with intact membranes (such as a tumor) show restricted diffusion.
Tissues with low cellularity or decreased integrity (cyst, necrosis) allow for more water motion.
If molecules experience no net movement between application of 2 gradient pulses, molecules will experience de-phasing followed by re-phasing = maintenance of MRI signal intensity.
If molecules moved, molecules experience a phase shift = REDUCTION in intensity of MRI signal.
Reduction in signal intensity is proportional to degree of molecule motion.
57
Stahle et al 2019; Diffusion weighted MRI is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease: Describe how the ADC map works.
**Cited source**
ADC represents the net displacement of molecules diffusing across an area of tissue per second. It is acquired via post-processing.
Areas of restricted diffusion will demonstrate LOW signal and regions of free diffusion will demonstrate HIGH signal. i.e. The OPPOSITE of DWI. Hence, areas of restricted diffusion are BRIGHT on DWI, and DARK on ADC.
58
Stahle et al 2019; Diffusion weighted MRI is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease: In humans, what are the ADC values for metastatic lymph nodes?
**Cited source**
The ADC values of metastatic nodes were significantly lower than benign lymph nodes.
59
Stahle et al 2019; Diffusion weighted MRI is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease: Other than tumoral metastasis, what are other causes of decreased diffusion on ADC?
**Cited source**
Ischemia and fibrosis.
60
Fonesca et al 2019; Dynamic flexion/extension and NWB US is helpful for ID of manica flexoria tears in horses: Label the following structures.
1 = SQ
2 = SDFT
3 = DDFT
2a = Manica flexoria
* = Attachment of lateral angle of manica to SDFT
61
Fonesca et al 2019; Dynamic flexion/extension and NWB US is helpful for ID of manica flexoria tears in horses: What were the common findings in static flexed exam?
1) Asymmetric appearance of manica at junction with lateral border of SDFT
2) Incomplete visualization of manica (complete rupture)
62
Fonesca et al 2019; Dynamic flexion/extension and NWB US is helpful for ID of manica flexoria tears in horses: What were the common findings in flexed/extended dynamic exam?
1) Medial displacement of SDFT
2) Anechoic gap between SDFT and DDFT
3) Abnormal sliding of the SDFT
63
Fonesca et al 2019; Dynamic flexion/extension and NWB US is helpful for ID of manica flexoria tears in horses: What is the purpose of the manica?
To maintain the SDFT and DDFT in a central position.
64
Fonesca et al 2019; Dynamic flexion/extension and NWB US is helpful for ID of manica flexoria tears in horses: Which side were tears most common on and which limbs?
The lateral side was torn in all cases. Manica tears occur a majority of the time in the hindlimbs.
65
To et al 2019; ECG cardiac CT can differentiate brachycephalic dogs with and without pulmonic valve stenosis and findings differ from echo: What were the significant differences between cardiac gated CT and echo?
Pulmonic trunk to aortic (PT:Ao) ratios were larger and pulmonary valve to aortic valve (PV:AoV) ratios were smaller on CT compared to echo.
Echo underestimated the size of the aorta and dexmedetomidine was used as sedation for CT, leading to differences.
66
To et al 2019; ECG cardiac CT can differentiate brachycephalic dogs with and without pulmonic valve stenosis and findings differ from echo: What were the important ratios?
A PT:Ao > 1.2 showed a high sensitivity and specificity. If present, investigate cause of pulmonary trunk dilation.
A PV:AoV <0.8 should raise suspicion of pulmonary valve stenosis (remember pulmonic valve is small in cases of PS).
67
To et al 2019; ECG cardiac CT can differentiate brachycephalic dogs with and without pulmonic valve stenosis and findings differ from echo: Why were the aortic annulus and aortic valves good places for measurements?
These two structures did not differ in size between dogs with and without pulmonary stenosis.
68
Veraa et al 2019; Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features: How do equine discs differ from discs in humans or dogs?
**Cited source**
Equine discs have a fibrous annulus and a CARTILAGINOUS nucleus pulposus.
69
Veraa et al 2019; Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features: What are the Modic changes?
**Cited source**
Modic I: Bone edema and inflammation
Modic II: Conversion of red hematopoietic marrow to yellow fat due to bone marrow ischemia (Fatty marrow degeneration)
Modic III: Subchondral bone sclerosis
70
Veraa et al 2019; Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features: Where are the majority of annular disc protrusions in horses?
C4-T1
71
Veraa et al 2019; Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features: Which sequences were best for detecting disc degeneration and annular protrusion?
PD and gradient echo sequences.
Decreased signal on PD images was consistent with disc degeneration. On GRE sequences, gas or hemorrhage could be identified.
72
An et al 2019; Radiographic evaluation of liver length/T11 vertebral length ratio in cats as a method for quantifying liver size: How was the measurement performed?
Liver length (cm) was measured from the crossing point of the most cranial point of the diaphragm and the caudal vena cava to the apex of the caudal hepatic border
T11 vertebral length (cm) was measured parallel to the long axis of the vertebral at the level of the center of the endplate
73
An et al 2019; Radiographic evaluation of liver length/T11 vertebral length ratio in cats as a method for quantifying liver size: What is the normal ratio? What age should this ratio not be performed?
LL/T11 of 4.22 +/- 0.54
The ratio should not be used in cats <1 year of age, because they have not obtained full vertebral growth.
74
Bartels et al 2019; Gadolinium contrast medium administration does not adversely affect T2*-weighted gradient recalled echo MRI imaging of canine brain at 1.5T: What was the major finding?
Post-contrast T2* images are identical to pre-contrast, even when there is a contrast-enhancing brain lesion.
This may be due to low concentration of gadolinium
75
Bartels et al 2019; Gadolinium contrast medium administration does not adversely affect T2star-weighted gradient recalled echo MRI imaging of canine brain at 1.5T: What parameters are used in T2star imaging?
**Cited source**
Long echo time, long repetition time, and small flip angle. These factors minimize T1 weighting and maximizes T2* shortening.
76
Bergamino et al 2019; Improved visualization of the lumbar spine nerve roots in dogs using water excitation (ProSet): How did water excitation pulse sequences compare to STIR?
The water excitation pulse sequences were superior to STIR in ALL ways except for NOISE.
Water excitation pulse sequences also allow for thinner slices than STIR, meaning improved spatial resolution but also increased noise. Noise was relatively similar between the two, because greater slices in STIR improved noise and thinner slices in water excitation increased noise.
77
Bergamino et al 2019; Improved visualization of the lumbar spine nerve roots in dogs using water excitation (ProSet): What is an advantage and disadvantage of STIR?
Advantage: Lower sensitivity to field inhomogeneities, so can be used for post-surgical imaging.
Disadvantage: Will null the signal from ANY tissue with short T1 relaxation time, including:
- Melanin
- Methemoglobin
- Gadolinium
- Proteinaceous materials
78
Hoaglund et al 2019; Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities: What were the most common ultrasonographic findings of intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy?
1) Mid-body location (83%)
2) Hypoechoic, discrete tears (74%)
3) Obliquely oriented in craniolateral to caudomedial direction (67%)
79
Hoaglund et al 2019; Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities: Did the ultrasonographic abnormalities improve? What was the percentage that returned to work?
No, most lesions did not improve or worsened. i.e. poor correlation between US appearance and clinical appearance of the patient following treatment.
93% of 25 horses returned to work at the same level or higher.
80
Hoaglund et al 2019; Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities: What other stifle abnormalities are seen with IPL desmopathy?
- Medial femorotibial joint OA
- Subchondral bone defect in medial femoral condyle
- OC of lateral trochlear ridge of femur
- Subchondral cyst of medial femoral condyle
81
Hoaglund et al 2019; Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities: What is the normal appearance of the distal insertion of the IPL?
Mildly heterogeneous and well-defined striated appearance. (see transverse image).
82
Hoaglund et al 2019; Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities: Which limb was more commonly affected?
Right hindlimb, which may correspond to higher prevalence of right stifle disease compared to the left (unknown cause).
83
Recio et al 2019; MRI and CT of glioma causing calvarial erosion: Major takeaway?
Gliomas can rarely cause calvarial osteolysis. Thought maybe that tumor pressure necrosis and/or proteolytic activity caused it as the tumor was not directly invading.
84
Recio et al 2019; MRI and CT of glioma causing calvarial erosion: What is the prevalence of skull hyperostosis in dogs and cats with meningioma?
**Cited source**
23% of dogs and 73% of cats.
85
Perez et al 2019; MRI appearance of brain and cervical spinal cord in a pig with edema disease: What were the major findings?
Multifocal bilaterally symmetric T2 hyperintense lesions in brain and spinal cord.
Major ddx toxin or metabolic process.
In this case, Shiga-toxin E. coli.
86
Perez et al 2019; MRI appearance of brain and cervical spinal cord in a pig with edema disease: What are the most common neurological disorders in pigs?
Inflammatory processes.
87
Perez et al 2019; MRI appearance of brain and cervical spinal cord in a pig with edema disease: What are the most common toxic metabolic disorders in pigs?
**Cited source**
1) Hypoglycemia
2) Salt intoxication
3) Edema disease
88
Perez et al 2019; MRI appearance of brain and cervical spinal cord in a pig with edema disease: Where are the lesions in dogs after correction of spontaneous hyponatremia?
**Cited source**
Central thalamic nuclei.
89
Edwards et al 2019; Morphological variations of infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horses: What were the morphological abnormalities and percentages of each?
- Increased mineralization (18%)
- Decreased mineralization (41%)
- Deformed shape (23%)
- Displaced position (20%)
- Disruption (5%)
90
Edwards et al 2019; Morphological variations of infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horse: T/F - All changes associated with the infraorbital canal significantly increased in frequency with the presence of adjacent disease.
True.
91
Edwards et al 2019; Morphological variations of infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horse: What factors were associated with headshaking in horses with adjacent disease?
Increased mineralization and disruption of the infraorbital canal.
Disruption was only significant when skeletally immature horses were excluded.
92
Edwards et al 2019; Morphological variations of infraorbital canal during CT has limited association with headshaking in horse: Which morphologic change may be common and incidental?
Decreased mineralization. 29% of horses without adjacent disease had this change.
The most common presentation for decreased mineralization was a small dorsal region at the distal extremity of the canal (likely an anatomic region of really thin bone).
93
Gallastegui et al 2019; MRI has limited agreement with CT in the evaluation of vertebral fractures of the canine trauma patient: What are the compartments used to assess vertebral fractures for instability?
Dorsal: Lamina, dorsal pedicles, cranial and caudal articular processes, dorsal ligamentous complex, articular process joint capsule, interarcuate, interspinous, and supraspinous ligaments.
Middle: Dorsal aspect of vertebral body, ventral pedicles, dorsal annulus, and dorsal longitudinal ligament.
Ventral: Ventral vertebral body, lateral and ventral annulus, ventral longitudinal ligament, and nucleus pulposus.
94
Gallastegui et al 2019; MRI has limited agreement with CT in the evaluation of vertebral fractures of the canine trauma patient: What is the sensitivity of CT for detection of acute osseous lesions?
*Cited source*
100%
95
Gallastegui et al 2019; MRI has limited agreement with CT in the evaluation of vertebral fractures of the canine trauma patient: How did MRI perform when identifying vertebral fractures?
High but not perfect sensitivity and specificity for detection of fractured vertebrae, and SPECIFICITY improves when only trying to detect fractured vertebra that are unstable.
Complete agreement between CT & MRI on fracture location was low and many fractures missed, especially of the vertebral processes.
MRI is a poor modality for assessing fracture morphology.
96
Troiano & Zarelli 2019: Multimodal imaging of primary ureteral hemangiosarcoma with mets in adult dog: What are the most commonly reported benign ureteral tumors reported?
**Cited source**
- Leiomyoma
- Transitional cell papilloma
- Fibropapilloma
- Fibroepithelial polyp
97
Troiano & Zarelli 2019: Multimodal imaging of primary ureteral hemangiosarcoma with mets in adult dog: What are the most commonly reported malignant ureteral tumors reported?
**Cited source**
- High grade sarcoma
- Leiomyosarcoma
- Transitional cell carcinoma
- Mast cell tumor
- Splenic cell sarcoma
Now can consider hemangiosarcoma as a ddx.
98
Troiano & Zarelli 2019: Multimodal imaging of primary ureteral hemangiosarcoma with mets in adult dog: In dogs (also humans), where in the ureter is benign and malignant neoplasia more likely to be located?
**Cited source**
Benign is more likely to be located in proximal ureter.
Malignant is more likely to be located distally within the ureter.
99
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What are the criteria for a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
**Cited source**
Diagnosis includes at least 2 of the following:
- Histopathological evidence of bone marrow plasmacytosis
- Detection of monoclonal gammopathy in serum or urine
- Detection of light chain (Bence-Jones) proteinuria
- Evidence of multiple osteolytic bone lesions
100
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What % of dogs have radiographic evidence of bony lesions?
**Cited source**
25-75%.
50% of dogs with vertebral involvement have neurological manifestation of disease. **In this study, spinal pain was a feature in all dogs and most commonly had chronic, progressive painful T3-L3 myelopathy**
101
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What clinicopathologic abnormalities are associated with MM?
**Cited source**
- Hyperviscosity syndrome
- Hypercalcemia
- Renal insufficiency
102
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What were the MRI findings?
Multiple expansile vertebral lesions WITHOUT extension beyond outer cortical limits of affected vertebrae.
Associated extradural material causing spinal cord compression.
T2 and T1 hyper- to isointense.
Variable but homogeneous contrast enhancement.
103
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What are the differences between MM and primary vertebral neoplasia?
**Cited source**
1) Vertebral neoplasms often disrupt vertebral cortices due to lysis and proliferation.
2) Vertebral neoplasms usually only affect a single vertebrae.
104
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What is a possible explanation for T1 hyperintensity of multiple myeloma?
**Cited source*
The presence of hemorrhage within myelomatous lesions of vertebral bone marrow.
In humans, studies have shown bone marrow fat content in MM patients is increased, which may cause relative T1 hyperintensity. **Not supported in this study, because lesions were STIR hyperintense**
105
Wyatt et al 2019; Neurological signs and MRI findings in 12 dogs with multiple myeloma: What is the most common signalment for MM?
Middle-aged to older medium to large breed dogs.
Previous studies have suggested males are overrepresented and that German Shepherd dogs may be predisposed.
106
Reetz et al 2019; Nodules and masses are associated with malignant pleural effusion in dogs and cats: What factors were associated with malignant pleural effusions in this study?
- Old patient age
- Nodular diaphragmatic pleural thickening
- Costal pleural masses
- Pulmonary masses
107
Reetz et al 2019; Nodules and masses are associated with malignant pleural effusion in dogs and cats: What factors were inversely associated with pleural transudates?
- Costal pleural abnormality (any)
- Sternal lymphadenopathy
108
Reetz et al 2019; Nodules and masses are associated with malignant pleural effusion in dogs and cats: What CT factors have moderate to high specificity (78-100%) for malignant effusions?
**Cited source**
- Mediastinal pleural thickening
- Nodular pleural thickening
-** Parietal pleural thickening > 1 cm**
- Circumferential pleural thickening
109
Reetz et al 2019; Nodules and masses are associated with malignant pleural effusion in dogs and cats: What CT factors have moderate to high specificity (96-100%) for distinguishing exudative from transudative effusions?
**Cited source**
- Pleural thickening
- Pleural nodules
- Fluid loculation
- Extrapleural fat changes
110
Reetz et al 2019; Nodules and masses are associated with malignant pleural effusion in dogs and cats: What are possible causes of pleural nodules in nonmalignant pleural effusions?
**Cited source**
Mesothelial cell hypertrophy
Pyogranulomatous pleuritis
111
Reetz et al 2019; Nodules and masses are associated with malignant pleural effusion in dogs and cats: What is the most common neoplasm to met to the pleura?
**Cited source**
Carcinoma, such as pulmonary carcinoma.
112
Gunther-Harrington et al 2019; Non-electrocardiographic-gated computed tomographic angiography can be used to diagnose coronary artery anomalies in Bulldogs with pulmonary valve stenosis: Is this coronary artery diagram normal or abnormal?
Normal. Correlate with the attached CT image.
113
Gunther-Harrington et al 2019; Non-electrocardiographic-gated computed tomographic angiography can be used to diagnose coronary artery anomalies in Bulldogs with pulmonary valve stenosis: Is this coronary artery diagram normal or abnormal?
Abnormal, R2A. Correlate with the attached CT image.
114
Paradise et al 2019; Performing both lateral abdominal radiographs may not improve the visualization of gas in the gastric outflow tract of cats: Describe the findings regarding degree of position of luminal gas between laterals.
No significant difference was found in the location and degree of luminal gas in left versus right lateral views in all cats regardless of the order in which the views were obtained or in cats with GI disease versus cats without.
115
Paradise et al 2019; Performing both lateral abdominal radiographs may not improve the visualization of gas in the gastric outflow tract of cats: Which cats had a higher degree of gas distension?
1) Cats with gastric dilation containing homogeneous content. Some gas dilation when distended with heterogeneous content, but more difficult to appreciate.
2) Sedated cats, regardless if GI disease was present or not (unknown reason)
116
Paradise et al 2019; Performing both lateral abdominal radiographs may not improve the visualization of gas in the gastric outflow tract of cats: Major conclusion?
Performing additional lateral view may have value in cats with gastric distension.
117
Paradise et al 2019; Performing both lateral abdominal radiographs may not improve the visualization of gas in the gastric outflow tract of cats: Does sedation impact visualization of duodenal gas in dogs?
**Cited source**
No, sedation (dexmed, torb, or both) did not have difference in the presence of gas within the duodenum.
117
Paradise et al 2019; Performing both lateral abdominal radiographs may not improve the visualization of gas in the gastric outflow tract of cats: Which sedatives can cause delayed gastric emptying in dogs?
**Cited source**
Xylazine
Acepromazine + butorphanol
118
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: What were the common US findings?
- Altered shape with rounded/irregular margins (78%)
- Diffuse or focal/multifocal hypoechogenicity
- Infiltrative disease within multiple organs/lymph nodes
119
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: What finding was not present in any of the cases?
Mineralization.
120
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: What is the most common tumor of the prostate? What less common tumor types may be found?
**Cited source**
Most common: adenocarcinoma
Less common:
- Fibrosarcoma
- Leiomyoma
- Leiomyosarcoma
- Hemangiosarcoma
- Lymphoma
121
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: Which measurement parameter is a more reliable indicator of prostatic size?
**Cited source**
Prostatic length. Prostatic enlargement is not uniform and tends to increase in length more than width.
122
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: In terms of US physics, what creates the homogeneous hypoechoic regions?
**Cited source**
A uniform cell population without much reactive fibrous tissue, which results in uniform tissue medium with minimal differences in acoustic impedance.
123
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: How strong of an indicator is prostatic mineralization in neutered males for the presence of neoplasia?
**Cited source**
100% positive predictive value.
124
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: What type and grade of lymphoma tends to involve the prostate?
**Cited source**
T-cell and high grade.
125
Di Donato et al 2019; Predominance of hypoechoic tissue changes in nine dogs with malignant prostatic lymphoma: What breed of dog has been suggested to have a predilection for renal lymphoma?
**Cited source**
Labrador Retrievers.
126
Lam et al 2019; Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT: Which neoplasm was most likely to show nodules at the first staging CT?
Hemangiosarcoma.
127
Lam et al 2019; Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT: Which neoplasm was least likely to show nodules at first staging CT?
Mast cell tumor (2 of 47 dogs)
SCC (0 of 17)
128
Lam et al 2019; Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT: What is the prevalence of pulmonary mets at first presentation on radiographs in previous studies?
**Cited source**
Thyroid carcinoma (63%)
Transitional cell carcinoma (26-36%)
Hemangiosarcoma (19-52%)
Osteosarcoma (17%)
Mammary carcinoma (15%)
129
Lam et al 2019; Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT: What percentage of dogs with osteosarcoma have pulmonary mets 6 months after surgery?
**Cited source**
90%
130
Lam et al 2019; Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT: What features help differentiate between benign and malignant nodules in humans?
**Cited source**
Finding many pulmonary nodules helps support malignancy.
Assessment of features such as CT attenuation, shape, margins, calcification, and size does not distinguish malignant and benign nodules.
131
Lam et al 2019; Prevalence of pulmonary nodules in dogs with malignant neoplasia as determined by CT: What is the significance of mineralized nodules in dogs?
**Cited source**
If mineralized nodule <2 mm = osteoma/heterotopic bone
If there is a larger partially mineralized nodule, it is likely to present a granuloma (especially if in histoplasma endemic region)
132
Houck et al 2019; Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles: What dose of barium was administered?
Oral barium 30% w/v at 15 ml/kg
133
Houck et al 2019; Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles: What was the normal transit time to the colon? What was transit time through the colon?
<24 hours.
Emptying of the cecal bulb and colon is highly variable.
134
Houck et al 2019; Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles: What is a normal anatomic finding in turtles undergoing a barium study?
Pylorocolic indentation. This is a normal narrowing of the proximal descending colon.
135
Houck et al 2019; Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles: What is the radiographic anatomy of upper GI?
White arrows = stomach
Black arrowhead = pyloric spinchter
Black arrows = duodenum
136
Houck et al 2019; Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles: Gross anatomy.
137
Johnson et al 2019; Radiographic features of congenital segmental dilation of the intestine in a German Shepherd dog: What are the differentials for severe focal SI dilation?
- Partial SI or mesenteric volvulus
- Cecal volvulus
- Intestinal strangulation (hernia or through mesenteric tear)
- Intestinal diverticulum
- Congenital segmental dilation (this paper)
138
Johnson et al 2019; Radiographic features of congenital segmental dilation of the intestine in a German Shepherd dog: What breeds are predisposed to mesenteric volvulus?
GSD
English Pointer
139
Johnson et al 2019; Radiographic features of congenital segmental dilation of the intestine in a German Shepherd dog: What are the characteristics of congenital segmental dilation in children?
**Cited source**
Characterized as a markedly dilated segment of the intestine, usually the ileum, which is sharply defined and flanked by orad and aborad bowel of normal caliber.
Possibly associated with intrauterine intestinal injury.
140
Soler et al 2019; Radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomographic characteristics of an accessory liver lobe in a cat: Which lobe is most commonly reported in species that exhibit accessory liver lobes?
**Cited source**
Right lobe.
141
Soler et al 2019; Radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomographic characteristics of an accessory liver lobe in a cat: What are the most common complications associated with accessory liver lobes?
**Cited source**
The most serious complication is torsion of the pedicle.
Other complications include:
Reversion
Infarction
Hemorrhage
Fracture
Hemangioma
Biliary atresia
Gallbladder torsion
Hepatic dysfunction
Neoplastic disease
Accessory liver lobes should be removed before they cause problems.
142
Dancer et al 2019; Radiography is less sensitive relative to CT for detecting thoracic radiographic changes in dogs affected by blunt trauma secondary to a motor vehicle accident: How were radiographs specifically less sensitive compared to CT?
Radiographs underestimated presence of pulmonary contusions and overestimated their severity when present compared to CT.
Radiographs less sensitive for detecting pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and rib fractures.
**Pulmonary contusions seen on CT, but not on radiographs are probably not clinically significant.
143
Dancer et al 2019; Radiography is less sensitive relative to CT for detecting thoracic radiographic changes in dogs affected by blunt trauma secondary to a motor vehicle accident: What radiographic view increased detection of small volume pneumothorax?
Horizontal beam radiograph.
144
Liu et al 2019; Renal perfusion parameters measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasound in healthy dogs demonstrate a wide range of variability in the long-term: What were the major takeaways?
Within-dog variability for time-related parameters (time-to-peak and rise and fall time) had the lowest variability and may be useful for detecting unilateral disease.
145
Mattei et al 2019; Renal ultrasonographic abnormalities are associated with low glomerular filtration rate calculated by scintigraphy in dogs: What is the major takeaway?
Renal US abnormal kidney shape, cortical hyperechogenicity, medullary hyperechogenicity, and decreased kidney volume are significantly associated with low individual kidney GFR.
146
Linden et al 2019; Sentinel lymph node mapping of the canine anal sac using lymphoscintigraphy: What is the major takeaway?
Intramural and perimural injection of Tc 99m-sulfur colloid of the anal sac could result in different sentinel lymph nodes.
The medial iliac lymph nodes were most often the sentinel lymph node, contrary to previous studies where sacral was most often the sentinel.
One case where inguinal was the sentinel.
147
Gilbert et al 2019; Stifle joint osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury is higher in Boxers and in dogs weighing more than 35 kg: Where were OA scores the highest?
**Patellar apex**
Proximolateral tibia/lateral tibial condyle
Sesamoid bones/fabellae
Basically, the proximal, lateral, and caudal aspects of the joint.
148
Gilbert et al 2019; Stifle joint osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury is higher in Boxers and in dogs weighing more than 35 kg: Which breeds in a previous study were determined to be at higher risk for CCL tear? What about breeds that are at lower risk?
**Cited source**
Labradors & Boxers are at higher risk compared to the general population.
Siberian Husky & German Shepherd dogs are at lower risk compared to the general population.
149
Gilbert et al 2019; Stifle joint osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury is higher in Boxers and in dogs weighing more than 35 kg: What are the anatomical characteristics that may predispose Boxers to CCL tears?
**Cited source**
- Larger lateral tibial condylar area
- Smaller tibial tuberosity
- Smaller CCL relative to other breeds
- Straight-legged conformation
Possible link of lymphoplasmacytic synovitis in Boxers leading to CCL tear.
150
Gilbert et al 2019; Stifle joint osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury is higher in Boxers and in dogs weighing more than 35 kg: Are radiographic signs of OA associated with the severity of joint disease, joint pain, and functional impairment?
**Cited source**
No, the severity of joint disease, joint pain, and functional impairment are not consistently linked to the severity of radiographic OA.
151
Valastro et al 2019; The CT dorsolateral subluxation index is a feasible method for quantifying laxity in the feline hip joint: What is the major takeaway?
The Norberg-Olsson angle (gold standard) is the most reliable method to screen for hip dysplasia in cats radiographically.
152
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: What was the typical appearance of temporal bone fractures?
- Unilateral
- Minimally displaced
- Rostrodorsal to caudoventral orientation
Image displays type 2 fracture, which extends medially to involve the cranial vault.
153
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: What were the two types of fractures?
Type 1: Extends into lateral portion of the petrous temporal bone and does NOT involve the cranial vault
Type 2: Extends the full width of the temporal petrous pyramid into the cranial vault
154
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: What horse breed was overrepresented?
Quarter Horses
155
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: What were the outcomes associated with THO and temporal bone fractures?
Outcomes were not significantly different between horses with THO with or without temporal bone fractures; however, horses with fractures involving the cranial vault did not return to their previous use.
156
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: What are potential sequelae of THO with temporal bone fractures in horses?
**Cited source**
Bacterial meningitis
Seizures
Death
157
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: What was the prevalence of horses with THO that had temporal bone fractures?
44%
158
Tanner et al 2019; The prevalence of temporal bone fractures is high in horses with severe temporohyoid osteoarthropathy: In which plane is it easier to recognize the temporal bone fractures?
Sagittal reconstruction.
159
Dascanio et al 2019; The prevalence of ultrasonographic abnormalities and histopathologic lesions is high in testes of yearling tropical hair rams: What ultrasonographical abnormalities were present and were they clinically relevant?
Hyperechoic lesions that exhibiting distal acoustic shadowing.
The cause is unknown and the sperm quality in these animals was decreased. Postulated etiologies of testicular degeneration include thermal, trauma, or orchitis.
160
Holopainen et al 2019; Thoracic high resolution CT using the modified VetMousetrapTM device: What is the major takeaway?
Pulmonary fibrosis in WHWT can be diagnosed via CT with minimal sedation (torb) using the VetMousetrap device. Motion artifacts were minimal except close to the diaphragm.
161
Holopainen et al 2019; Thoracic high resolution CT using the modified VetMousetrapTM device: What is the hallmark finding of canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
**Cited source**
Moderate to severe ground glass opacity
162
Fleming et al 2019; 3D T1-weighted gradient echo is a suitable alternative to 2D T1-weighted spin echo for imaging the canine brain: What were the advantages of 3D over 2D T1?
1) Better gray white matter distinction with similar lesion detection
2) Faster acquisition time
163
Fleming et al 2019; 3D T1-weighted gradient echo is a suitable alternative to 2D T1-weighted spin echo for imaging the canine brain: How does use of a gradient affect acquisition time?
**Cited source**
Using a gradient means increased speed of rephasing and the use of smaller flip angles = less time for relaxation.
This means you can use shorter TE and TR than in spin echo sequences, so studies can be performed more rapidly.
164
Fleming et al 2019; 3D T1-weighted gradient echo is a suitable alternative to 2D T1-weighted spin echo for imaging the canine brain: How are T1W VOL images acquired?
**Cited source**
Using very thin slices (<1 mm) with isotropic voxels and NO slice gap, so you can reformat the images without loss of spatial resolution.
165
Fleming et al 2019; 3D T1-weighted gradient echo is a suitable alternative to 2D T1-weighted spin echo for imaging the canine brain: How is SNR increased in T1W VOL images?
**Cited source**
By excited a whole volume of tissue with no gaps, which increases SNR. The data is divided into slices by slice select gradient (slice encoding).
This differs from 2D imaging, where acquisition is performed 1 slice at a time, so SNR is dependent on slice thickness.
166
Lee et al 2019; Triple-phased mesenteric CT angiography using a test bolus technique for evaluation of the mesenteric vasculature and small intestinal wall contrast enhancement in dogs: When does the intestinal wall enhance?
During intestinal (38 s) and venous (60 s) phases with no significant differences in mean attenuation.
In intestinal phase, inner most layer is enhanced compared to other layers. Intestinal wall homogeneously enhanced in venous phase.
167
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: What was the most common ultrasonographic appearance of the strictures?
Strictures came in 2 morphologies:
- Annular (<15 mm in length)
- Long-segment (>15 mm in length)
Strictures were hypoechoic with mild to moderate wall thickening (3-6 mm). Muscularis layer was predominant layer thickened with blurring of wall layers.
Mesentery adjacent to the stricture was hyperechoic.
In summary, thickening of strictured segments was mild to moderate at most with abnormal wall layering and non-distensible lumen.
168
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: On histopathology, which layer was most severely affected?
The mucosal layer. Interesting, because on US the muscularis appears to be the most affected layer.
169
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: How is a benign stricture defined?
**Cited source**
A circumscribed narrowing of the intestinal lumen caused by inflammation, adhesion, incarceration, or cicatricial contracture (fibrostenotic stricture).
170
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: How were annular strictures best demonstrated and what was the challenge with that?
Ideally, dilated oral bowel segment, stenotic segment, and non-dilated aboral bowel all in same imaging plane to demonstrate annular stricture.
However, dilated oral bowel segment commonly **kinked at the oral aspect of the stricture**. If you see this finding, consider annular stricture.
171
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: What other disease processes appear similar to long-segment strictures? What is a feature that helps prioritize long-segment strictures over the other pathologies?
- Intestinal small cell lymphoma
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Eosinophilic enteritis
- Intestinal fibrosis
Identification of a non-distensible bowel segment with inappropriate dilation of immediate oral small bowel. **Obstruction is not usually a feature of the other diseases**. It is important to observe that ingesta fails to propagate through stenotic segment when peristalsis occurs or when transducer pressure is applied (if peristalsis absent).
172
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: Where was the most common location for strictures?
Mid-to-distal jejunum and ileum.
173
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: What other disease processes appear similar to annular strictures?
- Annular-stenosing form of intestinal adenocarcinoma (usually in ELDERLY cats)
- Intestinal ulceration, perforation, or infarction
174
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: What is the theory for why these occur?
Ischemia.
175
Holloway et al 2019; Ultrasonographic and histopathological features in 8 cats with fibrotic small intestinal stricture: What was the typical signalment for cats presenting with stricture?
Younger cats with initial intermittent vomiting, hyporexia, and malaise progressing to recurrent episodic vomiting, anorexia, and profound lethargy.
Projectile vomiting or regurgitation was noted in later stages.
176
Ruppel et al 2019; Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs: When should the mandibular lymph nodes be considered enlarged?
Length >2.0 cm
Width > 1.5 cm
Height > 0.50 cm
177
Ruppel et al 2019; Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs: When should the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes be considered enlarged?
Length >3.0 cm
Width >2.0 cm
Height >1.0 cm
178
Ruppel et al 2019; Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs: When should the superficial cervical lymph nodes be considered enlarged?
Length >2.5 cm
Width > 1.5 cm
Height > 1.0 cm
179
Ruppel et al 2019; Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs: What correlations were made with body weight and age?
Larger dogs tended to have larger lymph nodes.
Older dogs (> 7 years old) tended to have smaller lymph nodes.
180
Ruppel et al 2019; Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs: What were the echogenicities of the lymph nodes?
MLN: Hypoechoic
MRLN: Isoechoic to salivary glands
SCN: Hyperechoic to adjacent muscle
181
Ruppel et al 2019; Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs: Was there a correlation between dental disease?
No, however, dogs with >2 dental disease were excluded from the study...
182
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: What biochemical parameter was significantly associated with parenchyma emphysema?
Increase in serum liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, GGT).
Enzyme increases ranged from mild to severe.
183
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: What was the mortality associated with parenchymal emphysema versus portal?
Parenchyma emphysema mortality was 90% compared to 21% of cases with portal emphysema.
**Portal emphysema was mostly transient on repeat US**
184
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: What are causes of hepatic emphysema?
**Cited source**
- Hepatic abscess
- Emphysematous hepatitis
- Liver lobe torsion
- Percutaneous US biopsy resulting in infection
- Hepatic neoplasia
i.e. If hepatic emphysema is identified, look for primary liver disease.
185
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: What are causes of hepatic portal venous gas?
**Cited source**
- GDV
- Necrotic proximal gastroenteritis
- Severe ulcerative colitis
- Acute mesenteric ischemia
- Functional ileus
- Ingestion of hydrogen peroxide
- Following surgery
- Secondary to gastric pneumatosis
i.e. If portal gas is identified, look for abdominal or systemic disease.
186
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: What are the proposed mechanisms for development of portal venous gas?
**Cited source**
1) Escape of gas contained in bowel lumen due to intestinal wall damage
2) Bowel ischemia
3) Bowel distension
4) Sepsis
5) Presence of gas-forming organisms in portal venous system
187
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: How often was pneumoperitoneum seen in cases of hepatic emphysema?
50% of cases.
188
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: What were defining features of hepatic portal venous gas on US?
1) Multiple movable strongly echogenic dot-like or streak-like particles with a branched distribution. Sometimes a "fruit-pulp" pattern.
2) No detectable focal hepatic lesions.
3) ALWAYS concomitant with other abdominal lesions (GI, pancreas, peritonitis/peritoneal effusion, or intra-abdominal masses)
189
Manfredi et al 2019; Ultrasonographic differentiation between portal venous and parenchymal gas may be important for the prognosis of canine and feline hepatic emphysema: In cases of hepatic emphysema secondary to trauma, what is the underlying mechanism described in humans?
Acute intra-abdominal pressure change that forces intraluminal gas into bowel wall by means of microscopic mucosal injury, where it is absorbed in portal circulation.
Additionally, may occur secondary to ischemia, hemorrhage, or sterile necrosis secondary to hepatic injury.
190
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: What were some differences between adenocarcinomas versus benign etiologies?
Parathyroid gland adenocarcinomas tended to have a heterogeneous echotexture on US and were larger (>3 mm).
However, significant degree of overlap.
191
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: Which dog breed is overrepresented in primary hyperparathyroidism?
**Cited source**
Keeshond.
192
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: What is the prevalence of parathyroid adenomas, adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinaoms?
**Cited source**
Parathyroid adenomas - >80%
Parathyroid adenomatous hyperplasia - 8%
Parathyroid adenocarcinoma - 5%
193
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: What is the prevalence of parathyroid adenomas, adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinomas in this study of 49 dogs and 59 parathyroid glands?
Adenomas - 40%
Adenomatous hyperplasia - 34%
Adenocarcinoma - 26%
194
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: What was an important finding regarding the US appearance of these 3 etiologies?
Regardless of histopath diagnosis, all abnormal parathyroid glands maintained normal round or oval shape and hypo- to anechoic echogenicity, therefore **shape and echogenicitiy of parathyroid gland are not useful for determining if gland is abnormal or not on US**.
195
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: What is the typical size of the canine parathyroid gland?
**Cited source**
2-3 mm, but can measure up to 7mm.
196
Secrest & Grimes 2019; Ultrasonographic size of the canine parathyroid gland may not correlate with histopathology: What was the typical size variations between diseases?
Hyperplastic glands were usually smaller <3 mm, with neoplastic glands (8mm) and adenocarcinomas (9mm) being significantly larger.
Authors propose cut off of 3 mm to be used cautiously (previous cut off of 4 mm in another study).
197
Hamlin et al 2019; Ultrasound characteristics of feline urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma are similar to canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma: What are significant differences between canine and feline TCC?
Feline TCC is most likely to be a single, broad-based mass in the **mid-body or apex** of the bladder **without urethral extension**.
However, feline TCC can be in the trigone and a previous study documented 45% of cases of feline TCC were at the trigone.
198
Lee et al 2019; Use of computed tomography and minimum intensity projection in the detection of lobar pneumonia mimicking lung lobe torsion in a dog: What are causes of abrupt bronchial termination on CT other than torsion?
- Bronchial FB
- Severe bronchopneumonia
199
Lodzinska et al 2019; Vascular ultrasonographic findings in canine patients with clinically diagnosed phlebitis: What should normal canine cephalic veins appear like on US?
- Smooth and thin wall
- Complete compressibility
- No flow disturbances
- No filling defects
- Smooth flow contours
- Unidirectional, non-pulsatile flow with no disturbance
200
Lodzinska et al 2019; Vascular ultrasonographic findings in canine patients with clinically diagnosed phlebitis: What are US characteristics of cephalic veins with clinical phlebitis?
- Wall thickening (83%)
- Decreased compressibility (55%)
- Filling defects consistent with intraluminal thrombus (55%)
- Vessel wall hyperechogenicity (44%)
- Abnormal color Doppler flow (39%)
201
Lodzinska et al 2019; Vascular ultrasonographic findings in canine patients with clinically diagnosed phlebitis: Was there a correlation between US findings and time IV catheter was in place?
No.
202
Lodzinska et al 2019; Vascular ultrasonographic findings in canine patients with clinically diagnosed phlebitis: T/F - Any increase in wall thickness should raise a suspicion of early inflammatory changes?
True.
203
Lodzinska et al 2019; Vascular ultrasonographic findings in canine patients with clinically diagnosed phlebitis: What finding was present in all dogs with presumed intraluminal thrombus?
Decreased compressibility of the vein.
204
Joostens et al 2019; Unipodal stance influences radiographic evaluation of foot balance in horses: What changes are seen when radiographs are obtained of horses in a unipodal forelimb stance?
- **Narrowing of the lateral aspect of the coffin joint on DP views**
- Occasional widening of the medial aspect of the coffin joint
- Increased flexion of coffin joint on lateral view (broken forward appearance)
205
Williamson et al 2019; Signs consistent with syringobulbia may be detected in dogs undergoing MRI: What is syringobulbia?
**Cited source**
Characterized by one or more fluid-filled cavities within the brainstem. Rare condition in humans and can be congenital or acquired.
206
Williamson et al 2019; Signs consistent with syringobulbia may be detected in dogs undergoing MRI: What is the most common signalment of a dog present for syringobulbia?
- Adult **small breed** dog
- Concurrent syringomyelia
- Neurolocalization rostral to spinal cord
207
Williamson et al 2019; Signs consistent with syringobulbia may be detected in dogs undergoing MRI: What were the MRI signs?
A solitary slit-like or bulbous cavity within the medulla with intensity characteristics similar to CSF.
More often left-sided than right-sided.
Often communicated with the 4th ventricle.
Syringomyelia was present in all dogs. Communication with cavity often not visible, likely due to volume averaging.
208
Williamson et al 2019; Signs consistent with syringobulbia may be detected in dogs undergoing MRI: What is the measurement and cut off for ventriculomegaly and where is it performed?
**Cited source**
Measured as the height of the larger lateral ventricle compared to the height of the cranial cavity on transverse T1W images at the level of or immediately caudal to the interthalamic adhesion.
Ventriculomegaly was present when ratio was >0.22 and severe when >0.70.
209
Williamson et al 2019; Signs consistent with syringobulbia may be detected in dogs undergoing MRI: What was a common neurological sign that all dogs presented with? What are less common sequelae of syringobulbia?
Central vestibular signs.
Dysphagia, megaesophagus, and cardiopulmonary arrest.
