VRU 2021 Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
Lee et al 2021; A comparative study of sono-urethrography using saline, agitated saline, and an ultrasound contrast agent in normal beagles: Which contrast agent was best for evaluation of the urethral wall? What is a disadvantage?
A
Normal saline and 1-minute post injection agitated saline. The bubbles in agitated saline (immediate injection) and the contrast agent resulting in shadowing that obscured the far wall of the urethra.
Saline must be continuously infused in order to examine the urethra, because the urethra collapses as soon as the saline injection is complete.
2
Q
Lee et al 2021; A comparative study of sono-urethrography using saline, agitated saline, and an ultrasound contrast agent in normal beagles: Which contrast agents were best for visualizing the urethral lumen?
A
Agitated saline and contrast agent (SonoVue).
3
Q
Lee et al 2021; A comparative study of sono-urethrography using saline, agitated saline, and an ultrasound contrast agent in normal beagles: Which part of the urethra was difficult to examine and why? Which agent was best?
A
The membranous portion of the urethra, due to:
- Shadowing from pubic bone
- Vertical orientation of membranous urethra, limiting distension of the lumen
SonoVue allowed the best visualization of the membranous urethra.
4
Q
Lee et al 2021; A comparative study of sono-urethrography using saline, agitated saline, and an ultrasound contrast agent in normal beagles: What was the thickness of the urethral wall?
A
1-2 mm.
5
Q
Lee et al 2021; A comparative study of sono-urethrography using saline, agitated saline, and an ultrasound contrast agent in normal beagles: Which agents allowed visualization of the individual urethral wall layers?
A
None.
6
Q
Puccinelli et al 2021; A radiographic study of breed-specific vertebral heart score and vertebral left atrial size in Chihuahuas: What were the specific measurements for VHS and VLAS in Chihuahuas?
A
VHS = 10.6 +/- 0.6 (normal VHS 9.7 +/- 0.5 - Buchanan study)
VLAS = 1.8 +/- 0.2 (normal VLAS 2.1 - Malcolm study)
7
Q
Puccinelli et al 2021; A radiographic study of breed-specific vertebral heart score and vertebral left atrial size in Chihuahuas: Were there any differences between recumbency? Sex? Coat type?
A
No, no differences were seen with any of these factors.
8
Q
Vurucu et al 2021; An echocardiographic study of breed-specific reference ranges in healthy French Bulldogs: What measurements were significantly different for French Bulldogs?
A
Frenchies had greater left ventricular systolic and diastolic volume compared to controls.
9
Q
Heng et al 2021; Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs: What are less commonly reported tumors associated with the anal glands?
Cited source
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
10
Q
Heng et al 2021; Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs: What window were anal sacculiths best identified in?
A
Brain window (WW 120, WL 40)
Image: From left to right (soft, bone, brain).
11
Q
Heng et al 2021; Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs: What was the prevalence of anal sacculiths in a population of 357 dogs? How often were sacculiths bilateral?
A
7.6%.
Close to 50% were bilateral. There was an equal distribution between the right and the left anal sacs in unilateral cases.
12
Q
Heng et al 2021; Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs: T/F - Anal sacculiths were correlated with dogs that had previous history of anal gland disease.
A
False. All dogs with anal sacculiths had no previous history of anal gland disease.
13
Q
Kan & Milne 2021; Aorta, liver, and portal vein CT contrast enhancement during the portal venous phase are positively associated with abdominal fat percentage in dogs: Major findings?
A
Dogs with higher body fat % that are dosed off body weight are receiving more contrast than needed, based off increased enhancement of major vessels.
Dose obese dogs off of lean body weight.
14
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: Which age group of dogs tended to have more severe spinal cord compression and T2 spinal cord hyperintensity?
A
Younger dogs (<3 years of age).
15
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: What was the most common signalment? Acute or chronic presentation? Single site or multi-site?
A
Young male giant breed dogs.
Chronic history of signs was most common.
Multiple sites of compression were common.
Foraminal stenosis was also very common (91%)
16
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: Which factors were associated with neurological grade?
A
Weak positive correlation with the following:
- Number of sites of spinal cord compression
- Presence of T2 spinal hyperintensity
- Number of sites of foraminal stenosis
17
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: Which dogs were more likely to have severe spinal cord compression and soft tissue/ligamentum flavum proliferation?
A
Dogs with multiple sites of compression.
Additionally, dogs with multiple sites of compression were more likely to have 3 or more sites of foraminal stenosis.
18
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: Which sequence is best for identifying ligamentum flavum proliferation?
A
T1W.
A & B = T2W, C&D = T1W with arrows pointing to ligamentum flavum/soft tissue proliferation
19
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: Did the findings in this study show an association between foraminal stenosis and cervical pain?
A
No. An equal amount of dogs without cervical pain and with cervical pain had foraminal stenosis.
20
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: What was the prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration?
A
80%. 54% of these dogs were <3 years of age and 53% of them were Great Danes.
21
Q
Bonelli et al 2021; Association of neurologic signs with high-field MRI findings in 100 dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy: Where were the most common sites of compression?
A
Caudal cervical. C5-C6 and C6-C7 were most common.
22
Q
Frias et al 2021; Axis spinous process malformations are commonly identified in a sample of English Bull Terriers without associated clinical signs: What is the usual appearance of the C2 malformation?
A
A linear radiolucent defect in the spinous process of C2 of variable length.
23
Q
Frias et al 2021; Axis spinous process malformations are commonly identified in a sample of English Bull Terriers without associated clinical signs: What was the prevalence?
A
41.5% in the examined population of English Bull Terriers. No association between age, sex, or weight.
24
Q
Frias et al 2021; Axis spinous process malformations are commonly identified in a sample of English Bull Terriers without associated clinical signs: Label a-g.
A
a + b = fused neural arches
c = centrum of proatlas
d = centrum 1
e = intercentrum
f = centrum 2
g = epiphysis
Day ranges represent times for postnatal fusion.
25
Nowak et al 2021; Canine calvarial subperiosteal hematomas are fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass-like lesions with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization on CT: What is a calvarial subperiosteal hematoma? What is a name for them in human medicine?
Collection of blood between the periosteum and calvarial bones. Limited by suture lines.
In human medicine, called cephalohematomas.
26
Nowak et al 2021; Canine calvarial subperiosteal hematomas are fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass-like lesions with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization on CT: T/F - Calvarial subperiosteal hematomas can form days to weeks following trauma.
True.
27
Nowak et al 2021; Canine calvarial subperiosteal hematomas are fluid to soft tissue attenuating mass-like lesions with smoothly marginated peripheral mineralization on CT: What was the typical signalment? Did the lesions cross suture lines?
Young dogs (2-6 months old). Yes, the lesion crossed suture lines in all dogs.
28
Kanai et al 2021; Canine idiopathic chylothorax: Anatomic characterization of the pre- and postoperative thoracic duct using computed tomography lymphography: In this study, which side was the thoracic duct most commonly located?
Right side.
29
Kanai et al 2021; Canine idiopathic chylothorax: Anatomic characterization of the pre- and postoperative thoracic duct using computed tomography lymphography: How many dogs had "sleeping ducts" present on post-operative CT?
4 dogs. These dogs were not clinical. This is thought to be due to concurrent pericardiectomy performed in these dogs.
Pericardiectomy prevents pericardial thickening, which leads to increased right-sided venous pressures and impediment of lymphatic drainage.
Image = A (successful ligation), B (missed duct), C (bypass duct/"sleeping")
30
Veraa et al 2021; Cervical disc width index is a reliable parameter and consistent in young growing Dutch Warmblood horses: How is EDWI calculated?
Measure 3 points on the length of the cranial vertebra divided by length of 3 points of the IVD.
See image. (D + E + F) / (A + B + C)
31
Veraa et al 2021; Cervical disc width index is a reliable parameter and consistent in young growing Dutch Warmblood horses: Major findings?
- EDWI is greater in the caudal spine
- No change in EDWI over time between 1-18 months at any given site
- No change between sexes
- Transposition of C6 to C7 transverse processes has a higher incidence in Warmbloods but no effect on EDWI
- Flexion and extension of neck has significant effect on EDWI
32
Wanamaker et al 2021; Classification of neoplastic and inflammatory brain disease using MRI texture analysis in 119 dogs: What is texture analysis (TA)?
**Cited source**
Complex subject, but basically is the quantification of image gray-level, homogeneity, and coarseness within an image.
CT HUs is a form of TA.
33
Wanamaker et al 2021; Classification of neoplastic and inflammatory brain disease using MRI texture analysis in 119 dogs: Was texture analysis able to differentiate inflammatory and neoplastic lesions with a good degree of accuracy?
Yes. It was 85% accurate with 89% sensitivity and 81% specificity, which is close to stats from similar studies evaluating radiologist performance.
34
Wanamaker et al 2021; Classification of neoplastic and inflammatory brain disease using MRI texture analysis in 119 dogs: What was texture analysis unable to do?
It could not reliably differentiate between the various types of MUO and was unable to grade glioma or differentiate between types of glioma.
35
Wanamaker et al 2021; Classification of neoplastic and inflammatory brain disease using MRI texture analysis in 119 dogs: What were the most common breeds in the glioma group?
- Boxers
- Boston Terriers
- Pitbulls
- French Bulldogs
36
Wanamaker et al 2021; Classification of neoplastic and inflammatory brain disease using MRI texture analysis in 119 dogs: What were the most common breeds in the MUO group?
- Pugs (overrep within NME group)
- Chihuahuas
- Maltese
- Yorkshire Terriers (overrep within NLE group)
More likely to be younger, smaller, and female than neoplastic group.
37
Wanamaker et al 2021; Classification of neoplastic and inflammatory brain disease using MRI texture analysis in 119 dogs: T/F - GME dogs were larger and older than dogs in the NME and NLE group.
True.
38
Stromberg et al 2021; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of retinal detachment in dogs and cats: What are the normal MRI signal characteristics of the eye?
**Cited source**
T1W hypointense, T2W hyperintense vitreous
T1W hyperintense, T2W hypointense (relative to vitreous ) retinal/sclera layer
Uniform enhancement of retina post-gadolinium
39
Stromberg et al 2021; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of retinal detachment in dogs and cats: What was the typical MRI appearance of retinal detachment?
Curvilinear structure (V or gull-shaped) of T2W hypointense, T1W variable intensity and variable enhancement within the globe adjacent to the sclera.
40
Stromberg et al 2021; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of retinal detachment in dogs and cats: Which sequence and what planes were best for visualization?
T2W sequences were best for visualization.
Subjectively, dorsal and parasagittal planes were best for ID. Transverse plane images are included to highlight why parasagittal and dorsal are better.
41
Stromberg et al 2021; Clinical features and MRI characteristics of retinal detachment in dogs and cats: What would a focal detachment look like?
Focal elevated "bleb" arising from underlying scleral layer.
42
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: What clinical signs were dogs and cats most likely to present with?
Dogs = abdominal pain.
Cats = inappetence.
43
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: Were heavier dogs more associated with carcinomatosis or sarcomatosis?
Sarcomatosis, likely due to increased prevalence of splenic hemangiosarcoma in this cohort.
44
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: What was an imaging feature more commonly seen with carcinomatosis than sarcomatosis?
Peritoneal effusion.
45
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: Although not statistically significant, what were the appearance of CT nodules between the two groups?
Sarcomatosis nodules tended to be well-defined with heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Carcinomatosis nodules tended to be ill-defined with homogeneous enhancement.
46
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: What are 2 mechanisms by which peritoneal or pleural neoplasia cause effusion?
1) Impairment of lymphatic drainage
2) Overwhelm Starling's capillary forces
47
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: What was the most common tumor causes carcinomatosis in felines? What other tumors are associated?
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Small intestinal adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma have also been associated with carcinomatosis in cats.
48
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: What was the most common tumor causes carcinomatosis in canines?
Small intestinal adenocarcinoma.
49
Weston et al 2021; Clinical, CT, and ultrasonographic features of canine and feline pleural and peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis: T/F - Dogs were more likely to have peritoneal effusion with carcinomatosis than cats.
True.
50
Zuercher et al 2021; Comparison of the clinical, ultrasound, and CT findings in 13 dogs with gastric neoplasia: Which modality was better at identifying gastric masses?
CT. CT identified 92% of gastric masses compared to 69% identified with US.
51
Zuercher et al 2021; Comparison of the clinical, ultrasound, and CT findings in 13 dogs with gastric neoplasia: What were the specific CT and US characteristics of lymphoma?
It had a lower average HU compared to other tumors and was the only gastric mass without complete loss of wall layering.
**Keep in mind, there was only 1 case of gastric lymphoma in this study.
52
Zuercher et al 2021; Comparison of the clinical, ultrasound, and CT findings in 13 dogs with gastric neoplasia: What were CT and US characteristics of malignant mesenchymal tumors (leiomyosarcoma and GIST)?
Location: Pyloric antrum and pylorus
Leiomyosarcomas were heterogeneous on CT pre- and post-contrast. Both tumors were focal smoothly marginated masses on CT.
Leiomyosarcomas and GISTS were hypoechoic on US.
53
Zuercher et al 2021; Comparison of the clinical, ultrasound, and CT findings in 13 dogs with gastric neoplasia: What were CT characteristics of leiomyoma?
Location: **gastric cardia**
Homogeneous focal localized mass with smooth, well defined margins on CT.
54
Talbot et al 2021; Computed tomography identified mineralization of the longitudinal odontoid ligament of the horse is associated with age and sex but not with the clinical sign of head shaking: What is the longitudinal odontoid ligament? What is the analogous ligament in dogs and humans?
**Cited source**
The longitudinal odontoid ligament is a sole, robust, fan-shaped, bi-lobed ligament that extends from the cranial part of the dens of C2 and attaches cranially to the floor of the body of C1.
In dogs and humans, this corresponds to the apical ligaments, which extend through the body of C1 to attach ventrolateral to the foramen magnum.
55
Talbot et al 2021; Computed tomography identified mineralization of the longitudinal odontoid ligament of the horse is associated with age and sex but not with the clinical sign of head shaking: What ligaments do horses not have compared to dogs in this region?
**Cited source**
Horses do not have alar ligaments and transverse ligament of the dens.
56
Talbot et al 2021; Computed tomography identified mineralization of the longitudinal odontoid ligament of the horse is associated with age and sex but not with the clinical sign of head shaking: What age and sex is mineralization of the odontoid ligament associated with?
Increasing age and female sex.
57
Lafuma et al 2021; Computed tomography may be helpful in discriminating grass awn foreign body rhinitis from non-foreign body rhinitis in dogs: What characteristics are more suspicious for a FB rhinitis versus non-FB rhinitis?
Unilateral distribution with focal lysis (< 1/3 of the nasal cavity). Also, tended to be ventral (though this wasn't statistically significant).
58
Lafuma et al 2021; Computed tomography may be helpful in discriminating grass awn foreign body rhinitis from non-foreign body rhinitis in dogs: What characteristics are more suspicious for non-FB rhinitis?
Widespread nasal turbinate lysis (bilateral or involving >1/3 of nasal cavity) and maxillary recess filling.
59
Lafuma et al 2021; Computed tomography may be helpful in discriminating grass awn foreign body rhinitis from non-foreign body rhinitis in dogs: T/F - Unilateral nasal discharge was more common in the FB rhinitis group compared to the non-FB rhinitis group.
False. Unilateral nasal discharge was equal between groups.
60
Daggett et al 2021; Computed tomography with Hounsfield unit assessment is useful in the diagnosis of liver lobe torsion in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): How many liver lobes do rabbits have?
**Cited source**
- Single right (sometimes divided into medial and lateral segments)
- Caudate
- Quadrate
- Left, divided into medial and lateral segments
61
Daggett et al 2021; Computed tomography with Hounsfield unit assessment is useful in the diagnosis of liver lobe torsion in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): What was the most common lobe affected?
Caudate.
62
Daggett et al 2021; Computed tomography with Hounsfield unit assessment is useful in the diagnosis of liver lobe torsion in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): What are the CT features of liver lobe torsion?
Hypoattenuating, heterogeneous, rounded and enlargement of the caudate lobe with scant adjacent peritoneal effusion.
The lobe exhibited minimal to no contrast enhancement (generally less than 50% than normal hepatic enhancement on average).
63
Daggett et al 2021; Computed tomography with Hounsfield unit assessment is useful in the diagnosis of liver lobe torsion in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): What are the most common serum biochemical abnormalities in rabbits with liver lobe torsion?
**Cited source**
- Elevated ALT (most)
- Elevated ALP (second most)
- Elevated AST (less common compared to ALT and ALP)
- Anemia
64
Soultani et al 2021; Contrast enhanced computed tomography assessment of superficial inguinal lymph node metastasis in canine mammary gland tumors: Major finding?
Metastatic superficial inguinal lymph nodes enhance more than nonmetastatic mammary tumors.
**Median HU cutoff of 59.5 for metastatic lymph nodes**
65
Yoon & Lee 2021; Conversion factors to derive organ doses for canine subjects undergoing CT examinations: What organs received the highest doses during the head CT scan?
Conversion factors:
1) Eyes - 1.15 mGy
2) Brain - 0.85 mGy
Example: If CDTIvol was 20 mGray, dog's eyes would receive 22 mGy (20 x 1.15)
66
Yoon & Lee 2021; Conversion factors to derive organ doses for canine subjects undergoing CT examinations: What organs received the highest doses during the abdomen-pelvis, chest-abdominal-pelvis, and head-chest-abdomen scans?
Conversion factors:
1) Thyroids (1.23 mGy/mGy)
2) Lungs (1.12 mGy/mGy)
3) Ovaries (0.99 mGy/mGy)
4) Heart wall (0.93 mGy/mGy)
Example: If CDTIvol was 20 mGray, dog's heart wall would receive 18.6 mGy (20 x 0.93).
67
Yoon & Lee 2021; Conversion factors to derive organ doses for canine subjects undergoing CT examinations: How much radiation did the small dog model receive compared to the large dog model?
Up to 1.4x
68
Cusack et al 2021; Correlations between age, body size, sex, and conformation and ultrasound-measured femoral vessel diameter in the dog, with implications for transvascular procedural planning: What was the best indicator of femoral artery and vein diameter?
Allometrically scaled body weight (but still off by 1 Fr in 35% of dogs)
69
Cusack et al 2021; Correlations between age, body size, sex, and conformation and ultrasound-measured femoral vessel diameter in the dog, with implications for transvascular procedural planning: What other parameters scaled well with femoral artery and vein diameter?
- Thigh circumference
- Withers height
70
Cusack et al 2021; Correlations between age, body size, sex, and conformation and ultrasound-measured femoral vessel diameter in the dog, with implications for transvascular procedural planning: What effect did sex and age have on femoral artery and vein diameter?
Males had smaller femoral artery diameters compared to females.
Older age correlated with smaller femoral artery and vein diameters.
71
Cusack et al 2021; Correlations between age, body size, sex, and conformation and ultrasound-measured femoral vessel diameter in the dog, with implications for transvascular procedural planning: Were left and right femoral artery and vein diameters equal?
No, right and left FV/FA sizes varied by up to 2 Fr.
72
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: Which features are more common with malignant oral tumors?
- Larger size (compared to benign tumors)
- Heterogeneous contrast enhancement
- Invasion into adjacent bone
- Tooth loss
- Ipsilateral mandibular lymphadenopathy
73
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: Which tumors tended to cause bony expansion?
Malignant melanoma
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma (benign)
74
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: Which tumor had cystic changes?
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma (benign)
75
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: What type of bone lysis was seen? Which benign tumors showed bone lysis?
Geographic bone lysis was seen, regardless of underlying etiology.
Benign tumors with bone lysis include:
- Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
- Giant cell granuloma
- Plasmacytoma
76
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: What tumors are most common in the oral cavity of dogs? Which ones tend to met?
**Cited source**
1) Malignant melanoma - highly aggressive, high met potential
2) SCC - locally aggressive, low met potential (rostral location)
3) Fibrosarcoma - locally aggressive, low met potential
** Caudally located SCC tend to met. Additionally SCC of tongue or tonsil tends to met (73% of cases).
77
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: Which breeds have a high risk of oral malignant melanoma?
**Cited source**
Small breed dogs.
78
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: Which breeds have a high risk of oral fibrosarcomas?
**Cited source**
Large breeds, especially Golden Retrievers.
79
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: Where is peripheral giant cell granuloma more commonly found?
**Cited source**
Maxilla.
80
Lee et al 2021; CT features of malignant and benign oral tumors in 28 dogs: What structures do the mandibular lymph nodes drain?
**Cited source**
- Cheek
- Rostral tongue
- Lips
- Gums
81
Mikkelsen & Ottensen 2021; CT findings in a dog with subacute myopathy and later fibrotic contracture of the infraspinatus muscle: What is the typical signalment and history of dogs with fibrous infraspinatus contracture?
Signalment:
- Young to adult
- Medium to large breed dogs
- Hunting or working dogs
History:
- Acute severe forelimb lameness and shoulder pain which resolves in 10-14 days
- 3-4 weeks, develop gait abnormality such as circumduction of the limb with no pain
PE:
- Unable to pronate shoulder joint -> permanent external rotation of limb
82
Mikkelsen & Ottensen 2021; CT findings in a dog with subacute myopathy and later fibrotic contracture of the infraspinatus muscle: What was the CT appearance of acute infraspinatus myopathy?
Enlarged infraspinatus muscle with peripheral contrast enhancement surrounding a non-enhancing center on CT.
Subsequent CTs showed progressive atrophy with mild heterogeneous enhancement and foci of mineral.
83
Schlacks et al 2021; CT identifies pulmonary cryptococcosis in a domestic feline: What is the most common systemic mycosis in cats? What is the most common route of infection?
**Cited source**
Cryptococcocosis, specifically C. neoformans and C. gatti.
Nasal inhalation, and rarely, via cutaneous inoculation.
84
Schlacks et al 2021; CT identifies pulmonary cryptococcosis in a domestic feline: What are the most common radiographic findings with pulmonary cryptococcosis?
**Cited source**
- Diffuse, unstructured interstitial to alveolar infiltrates
- Small pulmonary nodules
Rarely...
- Mediastinal widening
- Pulmonary masses
- Hilar masses
- Pleural effusion
85
Schlacks et al 2021; CT identifies pulmonary cryptococcosis in a domestic feline: What was the presentation in this case?
A right cranial lung mass with invasion into the trachea.
86
Perfetti et al 2021; CT measures of adrenal gland length and caudal pole diameter are reproducible in large breed dogs: Major findings?
Measurements of adrenal gland length had the lowest inter- and intraobserver variability in parasagittal and dorsal planes.
Measurement of caudal pole diameter on transverse images had low intra- and interobserver variability, whereas measurements of the cranial pole had the HIGHEST variability.
87
Perfetti et al 2021; CT measures of adrenal gland length and caudal pole diameter are reproducible in large breed dogs: What is the normal volumetric measurement of the right and left adrenal glands on CT?
**Cited source**
Right = 0.55 cm3
Left = 0.60 cm3
88
Ogden et al 2021; CT more accurately detects foreign bodies within the equine foot than MRI or digital radiography: Which types of foreign bodies were seen with DR?
Slate and glass.
89
Ogden et al 2021; CT more accurately detects foreign bodies within the equine foot than MRI or digital radiography: Which types of foreign bodies had similar attenuation on CT?
Soaked wood and plastic.
90
Ogden et al 2021; CT more accurately detects foreign bodies within the equine foot than MRI or digital radiography: What is the appearance of foreign bodies on MR?
Usually low signal areas. In this study, FB were usually indistinguishable from each other and were indistinct, except for soaked wood.
MRI had higher sensitivity for slate compared to other FB, likely due to characteristic susceptibility artifact.
91
Shimbo & Takiguchi 2021; CT morphology of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung in dogs: What is an anomalous systemic arterial supply to the normal lung?
ASANL is a congenital condition in which a lobe or multiple lobes are supplied by a systemic artery instead of the pulmonary artery.
92
Shimbo & Takiguchi 2021; CT morphology of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung in dogs: Which breeds tend to be affected?
- Miniature Dachshunds
- Labrador Retrievers
- Shetland Sheepdogs
93
Shimbo & Takiguchi 2021; CT morphology of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung in dogs: Which lung lobes tend to be affected?
Right caudal, left caudal, or both (less common).
Typically the caudomedial portions.
94
Shimbo & Takiguchi 2021; CT morphology of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung in dogs: Which systemic arteries most commonly give rise to the anomalous vessel?
In order from most to least common:
- Left gastric
- Descending aorta
- Celiac
- Splenic
95
Shimbo & Takiguchi 2021; CT morphology of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung in dogs: What is the clinical significance?
It's an incidental finding in dogs; however, might be important for surgical planning in cases of lung lobectomy.
96
Shimbo & Takiguchi 2021; CT morphology of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung in dogs: Where does the bronchoesophageal artery arise?
**Cited source**
Right 5th intercostal artery close to its origin from the aorta.
97
Hellige et al 2021; CT myelographic diagnosis of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy in a Warmblood Gelding with progressive ataxia: Which group and sex of equine tend to get CVSM?
**Cited source**
Breed: Warmbloods
Sex: Male
98
Hellige et al 2021; CT myelographic diagnosis of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy in a Warmblood Gelding with progressive ataxia: What is the prevalence of adverse reactions following myelography in horses?
**Cited source**
34%
99
Wilson et al 2021; Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values: What percentage of cases with ruptured gallbladders had normal serum bilirubin?
40% (12 out of 30 dogs)
100
Wilson et al 2021; Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values: What bloodwork alterations were significantly different between ruptured and non-ruptured biliary tracts?
Leukocytosis and neutrophilia.
101
Wilson et al 2021; Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values: What are the approximate sensitivity and specificities for detecting biliary rupture with ultrasound?
Sensitivity: 75-86%
Specificity: 81-100%
102
Wilson et al 2021; Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values: What underlying gallbladder pathology did dogs with biliary rupture and normobilirubinemia have?
Gallbladder mucoceles.
103
Wilson et al 2021; Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values: What findings were seen in the effusion of dogs with bilirubin rupture?
Bilirubin may not be present or significantly high in dogs with effusion secondary to biliary rupture.
Mucinous material within the effusion should increase concern for biliary rupture.
104
Wyatt et al 2021; Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis: Major finding?
There were no imaging findings that held prognostic significance in dogs undergoing head CT following TBI within 72 hours of the inciting injury.
105
Wyatt et al 2021; Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis: What did hypoattenuating regions within the brain parenchyma indicate? Hyperattenuating regions?
Hypoattenuating = edema or contusion
Hyperattenuating = hemorrhage
106
Wyatt et al 2021; Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis: What was the most common imaging finding?
Skull fractures.
50% of cases with open fractures did not survive to discharge.
All dogs with brain herniation had concurrent skull fractures.
107
Wyatt et al 2021; Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis: What was the second most common imaging finding?
Intracranial hemorrhage.
108
Holland et al 2021; Echocardiographic changes in the shape and size of the aortic cusps in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension: Major finding?
Asymmetry of the aortic cusps is seen commonly in dogs with systemic hypertension.
109
Duler et al 2021; Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease: What were the optimal cut offs to determine left heart enlargement?
VLAS > 2.3 [Sn = 90.3%; Sp = 73.6%]
VHS > 11.1 [Sn = 75.8%; Sn = 76%]
False positive rate for VLAS was lower than VHS.
110
Duler et al 2021; Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease: Which measurement was a more accurate predictor of echoLAE?
VLAS >2.3
Also, VLAS >2.3 and radiographicLAE were independently associated with echoLAE, but VHS was not.
111
Duler et al 2021; Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease: What were the optimal cut offs to determine echoB2? Which cutoffs had the max specificity?
VLAS > 2.5
VHS > 11.1
Max specificity:
VLAS > 2.8
VHS > 12.0
112
Duler et al 2021; Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease: T/F - VLAS is not affected by cardiac cycle and VHS is affected by cardiac cycle changes.
**Cited source**
True.
113
Duler et al 2021; Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease: What percent chance of false negative (i.e. left atrium not enlarged) is there with increased VHS?
40%
114
Duler et al 2021; Evaluation of radiographic predictors of left heart enlargement in dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease: What VHS cut off is used for mixed breed dogs?
**Cited source**
VHS >10.7
115
Tamura et al 2021; Extrahepatic biliary obstruction can interfere with hepatic fibrosis prediction using two-dimensional shear wave elastography in dogs: Major findings?
Extrahepatic biliary obstruction can result in an increase in shear wave elastrography values, which resolves after resolution of EHBO.
Major takeaway: EHBO can interfere with SWE measurements in dogs with hepatic fibrosis.
116
Wilson et al 2021; Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography provides comparable vascular conspicuity to CT angiography in dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: What is ferumoxytol?
Long lasting MR contrast agent that remains strictly within the vascular space.
Vascular half-life of 14-15 hours.
No renal excretion/toxicity.
117
Wilson et al 2021; Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography provides comparable vascular conspicuity to CT angiography in dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: What is the optimal dose of ferumoxytol?
4 mg/kg resulting in similar vascular conspicuity to CTA with a mild decrease in spatial resolution.
118
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: What is 4-dimensional CT?
**Cited source**
New technique available in multi-slice scanners.
Patient is scanned with continuous series of helical scans in back and forward directions.
Image data then reconstructed spatially and temporally for any location and time point during the scans.
119
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: What impact does iodinated contrast have on urine specific gravity?
**Cited source**
Results in higher specific gravity of urine and will settle in the dependent portion of the urinary bladder.
120
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: What type of angle should the UVJ be in normal dogs versus dogs with intramural ureteral ectopia?
**Cited source**
The UVJ angle is acute in normal dogs and OBTUSE in dogs with intramural ureteral ectopia.
Left image: Normal ureter enters from cranial to the UVJ (dotted line) then pivots acutely into intramural ureteral portion (dashed line)
Right image: Ectopic ureter pivots with an obtuse angle.
121
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: What % of ectopic ureters are intramural?
**Cited source**
95%
122
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: What is the sensitivity and specificity of CTEU versus 4D-CTEU for detection of ectopic ureters?
CTEU
Sensitivity: 73%
Specificity: 90.2%
4D-CTEU
Sensitivity: 97%
Specificity: 94.6%
123
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: Which breeds commonly had ureteral ectopia in this study?
- Golden Retrievers
- French Bulldogs
- Labrador Retrievers
124
Schwarz et al 2021; Four-dimensional CT excretory urography is an accurate technique for diagnosis of canine ureteral ectopia: Was the 10degree pelvic wedging technique helpful for ID of ureteral ectopia?
No, it did not increase visualization of ectopic ureters.
125
Mageed et al 2021; Furosemide administration onehour before bone scintigraphy examination in horses does not improve the image quality or reduce the radiation dose rate: What do the authors recommend to reduce radiation dose to personnel?
Start scan at 3 hours post administration of 99mTc-HDP(diphosphonate) and maintain a distance of at least 30 cm from patient
126
Miles et al 2021; Influence of repeat abdominal radiographs on the resolution of mechanical obstruction and gastrointestinal foreign material in dogs and cats: Which type of gastrointestinal dilation was the most likely to resolve on repeat radiographs?
Gastric dilation alone (37%).
The severity of gastric dilation did not play a role in whether it resolved radiographically or not.
127
Miles et al 2021; Influence of repeat abdominal radiographs on the resolution of mechanical obstruction and gastrointestinal foreign material in dogs and cats: Which type of gastrointestinal dilation were less likely to resolve on repeat radiographs?
- Small intestinal mechanical obstructions (17.1%)
- Combination SI and gastric obstruction (11.4%)
Severity of small intestinal dilation did not play a role in whether it resolved radiographically or not.
128
Miles et al 2021; Influence of repeat abdominal radiographs on the resolution of mechanical obstruction and gastrointestinal foreign material in dogs and cats: T/F -Radiographs performed 36 hours after initial diagnosis increased incidence of resolution.
False. Radiographs performed 36 hours later did not increase chances of resolution.
129
Miles et al 2021; Influence of repeat abdominal radiographs on the resolution of mechanical obstruction and gastrointestinal foreign material in dogs and cats: How many dogs in this study developed pneumoperitoneum with delay of surgery?
Only 2 out of 153 (1.3%).
130
Miles et al 2021; Influence of repeat abdominal radiographs on the resolution of mechanical obstruction and gastrointestinal foreign material in dogs and cats: Did the results of this study agree with the previous study that found repeat radiographs did not increase diagnostic accuracy of mechanical obstruction?
Yes. Regardless of the experience of the reviewer, repeated abdominal radiographs did not increase the diagnostic accuracy.
131
Bagardi et al 2021; Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs: How was radiographic left atrial dimension (RLAD) measured?
A line was drawn at the intersection of the long and short axes of the VHS to the dorsal border of the left atrium.
132
Bagardi et al 2021; Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs: What were the RLAD and VLAS cutoffs in this study?
RLAD = 1.8
VLAS = 2.3
133
Bagardi et al 2021; Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs: What measurements were positively correlated with increased ACVIM grade?
- VHS
- RLAD
- VLAS
134
Bagardi et al 2021; Interobserver variability of radiographic methods for the evaluation of left atrial size in dogs: T/F In this study, RLAD and VLAS were specific but not sensitive for LA enlargement.
True. Both methods are better at identifying the probability that a dog does not have left atrial enlargement.
135
Huguet et al 2021; Interpretation of cardiac chamber size on canine thoracic radiographs is limited and may result in the false identification of right-sided cardiomegaly in the presence of severe left-sided cardiomegaly: What may cause the appearance of right-sided cardiomegaly in cases of severe left-sided cardiomegaly?
**Cited source**
Severe left-sided cardiomegaly causes compression of the right chambers, leading to rounding of the cranial and right lateral margins of the heart.
136
Fitzgerald et al 2021; Investigation of suspected gadolinium neurotoxicity in a dog: Which gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) was administered and what was the CSF concentration? What is the mechanism by which toxicity is thought to occur?
Gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist; no longer commercially available) and was 43x higher in concentration in CNS tissues compared to dogs without seizures that received the same medication IV.
The mechanism is thought to be disruption of the BBB.
137
Belmudes et al 2021; Lung lobe torsion in 15 dogs: Peripheral band sign on ultrasound: What was the characteristic US feature identified?
A hypoechoic peripheral band overlying an irregular hyperechoic granular interface (pulmonary emphysema).
138
Belmudes et al 2021; Lung lobe torsion in 15 dogs: Peripheral band sign on ultrasound: Was this band identified on CT and histopathology?
Yes, a thin peripheral soft tissue density attenuating band was identified in almost all cases.
It was also identified on histopathology and corresponded to thickened visceral pleural with or without hemorrhagic necrosis of the underlying pulmonary parenchyma.
139
Belmudes et al 2021; Lung lobe torsion in 15 dogs: Peripheral band sign on ultrasound: Which portions of the lung are more prone to ischemia? Which ports of the lung are less prone?
Ventral and peripheral portions are more prone to ischemia.
Dorsal portions of the lung are less prone.
140
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: What percentage of idiopathic facial neuropathy patients have concurrent ipsilateral vestibular signs?
**Cited source**
42-65%.
141
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: What was the appearance of the caudal digastricus muscle in idiopathic facial neuropathy cases?
- Ipsilateral atrophy
- T2 and T1 hyperintensity
- Contrast enhancement of the digastricus +/- the facial nerve
141
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: What is the prognosis for recovery of full function of the facial nerve in cases of idiopathic facial neuropathy?
**Cited source**
Guarded prognosis with <50% of patients regaining full function and recovery taking weeks to months.
142
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: Which MRI features were associated with a poorer prognosis? Which features were not?
T2 and pre-contrast T1 hyperintensity of the digastricus were associated with a poorer prognosis.
Atrophy and contrast enhancement were not associated with prognosis.
143
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: What causes the T2 and T1 hyperintensity changes following denervation?
Acutely following denervation, there is muscle swelling and T2 hyperintensity that likely represents edema.
Post-contrast enhancement may be secondary to shifting of water from intra-cellular to extracellular component, allowing for greater contrast uptake.
Also, studies in animals have found denervated muscles has increased vascularity per volume of muscle, which can allow for increased contrast enhancement.
In subacute and chronic phases, there is fatty replacement within the muscle and atrophy, which creates T2 and T1 hyperintensity changes as well. This can be seen as early as 7 days following injury.
144
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: Which breeds have previously been reported to be overrepresented in cases of idiopathic facial neuropathy? Were there any breeds in this study?
Cocker Spaniels have been overrepresenting in previous studies.
In this study, Pit Bulls and Boxers were slightly overrepresented.
145
McGregor et al 2021; Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal portion of the digastric muscle in canine idiopathic facial neuropathy: What is the typical signalment for the disease?
Middle-aged to older dogs.
146
Hunt & Wallack et al 2021; Minimal atelectasis and poorly aerated lung on thoracic CT images of normal dogs acquired under sedation: Major finding?
Sedation for thoracic CT may lead to less atelectasis and hypoinflation than general anesthesia.
The amount of hypoinflated lung was less extensive than anesthetized dogs given no PPV and consistent with anesthetized dogs given PPV of 15 cmH2O.
147
Beale & Secret 2021; MRI assessment of epaxial myosteatosis in dogs with intervertebral disc extrusions and associations with patient factors and outcome: What is myosteatosis?
Pathological infiltration of muscle with fat. It is caused by conditions such as diabetes mellitus, aging, cachexia, and neurological disorders.
148
Beale & Secret 2021; MRI assessment of epaxial myosteatosis in dogs with intervertebral disc extrusions and associations with patient factors and outcome: Major findings?
Dogs with myosteatosis of the multifidus muscle (epaxial) at the level of the disc herniation showed increased odds of successful outcome.
149
Toni et al 2021; MRI of osteosarcoma metastases in the brain of an old English Sheepdog: What was the MRI appearance of osteosarcoma metastasis to the brain?
- Marked T2/T2 FLAR hypointensity to gray matter
- T1 and T2* central hypointensity
- Stippled appearance (mineralization; no signal void on T2*, so not hemorrhage)
- Marked ring-like or slight heterogeneous contrast enhancement
150
Toni et al 2021; MRI of osteosarcoma metastases in the brain of an old English Sheepdog: What are the most common cancers that met to the brain in dogs?
**Cited source**
Hemangiosarcomas, lymphoma, mammary carcinomas, and other carcinomas.
151
Morrison et al 2021; MRI T2/STIR epaxial muscle hyperintensity in some dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion corresponds to histologic patterns of muscle degeneration and inflammation: T/F - Dogs with higher grade IVDD have less fatty infiltration of the multifidus and psoas muscles compared to dogs with lower grade IVDD.
**Cited source**
True.
152
Morrison et al 2021; MRI T2/STIR epaxial muscle hyperintensity in some dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion corresponds to histologic patterns of muscle degeneration and inflammation: In Trampus 2018, what % of dogs have paraspinal T2/STIR hyperintensity and what location of IVDD was it more common with?
**Cited source**
36% of patients had T2 and STIR paraspinal muscle hyperintensity.
It occurred more frequently in IVDD caudal to L1 and with higher grade of neurological signs.
153
Morrison et al 2021; MRI T2/STIR epaxial muscle hyperintensity in some dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion corresponds to histologic patterns of muscle degeneration and inflammation: What does T2 and STIR paraspinal epaxial muscle hyperintensity indicate?
50% of dogs have normal biopsies despite imaging findings, and the other half had histologically benign, variably severe, early degenerative and low-intensity inflammatory processes.
Likely a combo of acute denervation myopathy and inflammation.
154
Morrison et al 2021; MRI T2/STIR epaxial muscle hyperintensity in some dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion corresponds to histologic patterns of muscle degeneration and inflammation: Was there correlation between epaxial changes and neurological grade/severity or severity of MRI findings with histopath results?
No, no correlation was found for either.
155
Morrison et al 2021; MRI T2/STIR epaxial muscle hyperintensity in some dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion corresponds to histologic patterns of muscle degeneration and inflammation: What was the only significant variable?
Affected animals were younger than nonaffected patients.
156
Zadelhoff et al 2021; Multidetector CT and cone-beam CT have substantial agreement in detecting dental and sinus abnormalities in equine cadaver heads: Major findings?
Cone beam CT displays similar accuracy to multislice CT for the majority of dental abnormalities, EXCEPT pulp cavity abnormalities.
Artifacts are more common on cone beam CT (better on sagittal than transverse)
Cone beam CT has a much longer acquisition time (>10 min versus 30 seconds for MDCT)
157
Cordella & Bertollini 2021; Multiphase multidetector-row CT reveals different patterns of hepatic portal venous gas and pneumobilia: What disease conditions are associated with HPVG? What CT features help differentiate it from pneumobilia?
Disease conditions:
- Bowel necrosis
- GI obstruction
- GI ulcers
- Abscesses
HPVG was peripherally located and tubular in shape. Thought to be peripheral due to centrifugal portal blood flow.
158
Cordella & Bertollini 2021; Multiphase multidetector-row CT reveals different patterns of hepatic portal venous gas and pneumobilia: What disease conditions are associated with pneumobilia? What CT features help differentiate it from HPVG?
Disease conditions:
- Cholecystoduodenostomy
- Emphysematous cholecystitis/cholangitis
Pneumobilia was centrally located and mixed rounded/tubular in shape. Thought to be central due to centripetal flow of bile.
159
Cordella & Bertollini 2021; Multiphase multidetector-row CT reveals different patterns of hepatic portal venous gas and pneumobilia: What is the most common finding associated with HPVG in small animals?
**Cited source**
Gastrointestinal pneumatosis
160
Cordella & Bertollini 2021; Multiphase multidetector-row CT reveals different patterns of hepatic portal venous gas and pneumobilia: Which vascular phase was most helpful for differentiating between the two?
Portal phase.
161
Werpy et al 2021; Non-weight bearing ultrasonographic examination allows the diagnosis of longitudinal fiber disruption (split) in equine suspensory ligament branches not visible on weight bearing examination: What do longitudinal splits appear as on US?
Linear areas of hypoechogenicity within the ligament (weight-bearing exam).
162
Werpy et al 2021; Non-weight bearing ultrasonographic examination allows the diagnosis of longitudinal fiber disruption (split) in equine suspensory ligament branches not visible on weight bearing examination: What happened to the longitudinal slit lesions on non-weight bearing exam?
They increased in size and became anechoic with well-defined margins.
Applying increased transducer pressure decreased the size of the splits.
163
Sage et al 2021; Occipital condyle defects assessed by radiography or CT can be a normal finding in foals: Major findings?
Defects in the occipital condyles can be a normal finding in young horses or may be pathologic.
164
Sage et al 2021; Occipital condyle defects assessed by radiography or CT can be a normal finding in foals: When should the occipital condyles be normal/completely ossified by?
Radiographically = 156 days (5.1 months)
CT = 550 days (18.1 months)
165
Gremillion et al 2021; Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs: What dose was used and what was the affect of route on visibility of UVJ jets?
1 mg/kg.
Both IV and SQ route allowed increased visibility of UVJ jets; however, IV admin showed more visible jets and a faster onset of jets.
166
Gremillion et al 2021; Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs: What creates increased visibility of the jets?
Decreased USG of the UVJ jet urine.
Jets are most visible with urine in the 1.010 to 1.025 USG range, and becomes less visible when reaching same USG as urine in the bladder (1.037).
167
Gremillion et al 2021; Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs: What creates the "double line" appearance?
The anechoic center is where there is minimal turbulence and USG is similar to surrounding fluid, where as the hyperechoic peripheral lines correspond to turbulence and differences between USG.
168
Watson & Niestat 2021; Osseous lesions in the distal extremities of dogs with strangulating hair mats: What do strangulating hair mats indicate? What is the pathologic mechanism behind the lesions?
Strangulating hair mats are a sign of neglect.
They occur as a result of **ischemic necrosis**.
169
Watson & Niestat 2021; Osseous lesions in the distal extremities of dogs with strangulating hair mats: What breeds were identified with strangulating hair mat lesions and where were they located?
All lesions were in small breed dogs (all intact). Shih Tzus were overrepresented.
**All lesions circumferential soft tissue defects below the level of the elbow or stifle.**
170
Watson & Niestat 2021; Osseous lesions in the distal extremities of dogs with strangulating hair mats: What were the radiographic characteristics of the osseous lesions?
- Focal lysis
- Focal periostitis
- Generalized osteopenia
- Atrophy
- Complete absence of osseous structures distal to the lesion
- Joint subluxation
171
Melco et al 2021; Pathognomonic thoracic radiographic findings are lacking in cats with acute Cytauxzoonosis: What was the most common radiographic finding? What other findings were also present?
Most common finding was a generalized bronchial pulmonary pattern.
Other findings:
- Interstitial patterns
- Pleural effusion
- Cardiomegaly
- Pulmonary vascular distension
172
Melco et al 2021; Pathognomonic thoracic radiographic findings are lacking in cats with acute Cytauxzoonosis: When are Cytauxzoon cases more common? What causes the disease?
**Cited source**
Biphasic pattern between April and September, coinciding with Ambylomma americanum (Lone Star Tick) activity.
Acute (clinical) and chronic (survived, subclinical) phases of disease. Acute disease occurs 2-3 weeks after infection and is caused by schizont-laden macrophages and monocytes resulting in vascular occlusion throughout the body.
173
Melco et al 2021; Pathognomonic thoracic radiographic findings are lacking in cats with acute Cytauxzoonosis: What is high output heart failure?
**Cited source**
Multifactorial process. Heart failure secondary to increased tissue demand due to the systemic proinflammatory state, anemia, or combination of these pathologies evident in cats with cytauxzoonosis
174
Amoros et al 2021; Pre-contrast CT attenuation of the thyroid gland is lower in brachycephalic dogs versus non-brachycephalic dogs: What are the normal pre-contrast and post-contrast HU of the normal thyroid gland?
**Cited source**
Pre-contrast = 87-137
Post-contrast = 125-230
175
Amoros et al 2021; Pre-contrast CT attenuation of the thyroid gland is lower in brachycephalic dogs versus non-brachycephalic dogs: What were the ranges of pre-contrast CT attenuation in brachycephalic dogs compared to non-brachycephalic? What about post-contrast?
Brachycephalic: 69-108 HU
Non-brachycephalic: 75-121 HU
No difference in post-contrast HU between groups.
176
Amoros et al 2021; Pre-contrast CT attenuation of the thyroid gland is lower in brachycephalic dogs versus non-brachycephalic dogs: What was the correlation between thyroid status (hypoT, euT, hyperT) and thyroid attenuation?
No correlation between thyroid status and thyroid attenuation.
177
Amoros et al 2021; Pre-contrast CT attenuation of the thyroid gland is lower in brachycephalic dogs versus non-brachycephalic dogs: What is the proposed cause of pre-contrast hypoattenuation?
Normal patient variant or mild thyroid glandular hyperplasia with no effect on function.
178
Amoros et al 2021; Pre-contrast CT attenuation of the thyroid gland is lower in brachycephalic dogs versus non-brachycephalic dogs: What medication can decreased thyroid attenuation in cats?
**Cited source**
Methimazole. Bush et al 2016.
179
Manfredi et al 2021; Preoperative planar lymphoscintigraphy allows for sentinel lymph node detection in 51 dogs improving staging accuracy: Feasibility and pitfalls: Major findings?
Lymphoscintigraphy using 99m Tc nanocolloid identified sentinel nodes in 95% of cases, 61.4% of which were not the regional lymph node.
Lead shielding of the injection site improved SLN detection.
Static images are better than dyanmic.
180
Slater et al 2021; Radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of pneumonia in a frog: What are causes of coelomic effusion in frogs?
**Cited source**
- Infection (such as with mycobacterium)
- Renal disease
- Gastrointestinal disease
- Nutritional disturbances
181
Slater et al 2021; Radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of pneumonia in a frog: When are radiographs usually indicated in frogs?
**Cited source**
- Musculoskeletal evaluation
- GI evaluation with barium
182
Slater et al 2021; Radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of pneumonia in a frog: What structure do amphibians not have?
**Cited source**
A diaphragm. Lungs sit above the liver and extend beyond margins of the liver.
183
Slater et al 2021; Radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of pneumonia in a frog: What was the radiographic appearance of pneumonia?
Reduced lung volume with irregular margins predominantly on the left.
In image, left is the frog several years earlier (normal) and right demonstrates pneumonia.
184
Slater et al 2021; Radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of pneumonia in a frog: What was the US appearance of pneumonia?
Consolidation of the left lung lobe. Arrow in image points to consolidated lung and asterisk is over the liver.
185
Jorge et al 2021; Radiographic characteristics of alveolar microlithiasis and pulmonary ossification following chronic corticosteroid therapy in a dog: What were the findings?
Generalized pulmonary pattern of pinpoint mineral foci.
Resulted in secondary pulmonary hypertension on echo.
186
Jorge et al 2021; Radiographic characteristics of alveolar microlithiasis and pulmonary ossification following chronic corticosteroid therapy in a dog: T/F - Radiographic evidence of pulmonary mineralization is uncommon in dogs with Cushing's, but is reported on necropsy in up to 90% of cases.
**Cited source**
True.
187
Lerer et al 2021; Selected advanced imaging techniques were unable to quantify in vivo parasitic burden in heartworm-infested dogs: Major findings?
Spoiled gradient recall (SPGR) cine MRI could identify heartworms and gated-CTA could only identify heartworms sometimes.
Neither modality could quantify worm burden.
188
Malberg et al 2021; Small intestinal enterolith in a dog presenting for a suspected gastric foreign body: What are bezoars?
**Cited source**
Bezoars are a broad classification of gastrointestinal concretions that can be further subclassified based on the type of material of which they are composed.
Trichobezoar = fur or hair
Phytobezoar = plant material
189
Malberg et al 2021; Small intestinal enterolith in a dog presenting for a suspected gastric foreign body: What are enteroliths?
**Cited source**
Enteroliths are a type of concretions that are composed of mineral and salt depositions, which develop over time within the gastrointestinal tract as concentric layers of mineral components around a central nidus.
190
Malberg et al 2021; Small intestinal enterolith in a dog presenting for a suspected gastric foreign body: What are equine enteroliths most commonly composed of?
**Cited source**
Ammonium magnesium phosphate.
Enterolith formation in equines is not entirely understood, but may be secondary to motility, feed type, and pH.
191
Malberg et al 2021; Small intestinal enterolith in a dog presenting for a suspected gastric foreign body: Radiographic findings?
Large mineralized structure with numerous concentric rings.
192
Battiato et al 2021; Spontaneous emphysematous splenitis: Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in three Golden Retriever dogs: What were the radiographic findings?
Focal mass effect with a vesicular gas pattern in the area of the spleen with a loss of serosal detail.
193
Battiato et al 2021; Spontaneous emphysematous splenitis: Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in three Golden Retriever dogs: What were the US findings?
Multifocal irregular hypoechoic splenic lesions with a mixture of hyperechoic fluid and gas.
Adjacent hyperechoic mesentery
Echogenic peritoneal effusion
Pneumoperitoneum
194
Battiato et al 2021; Spontaneous emphysematous splenitis: Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in three Golden Retriever dogs: What was the underlying etiologic agent?
Clostridium spp.
195
Kang et al 2021; The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography: What 2 patterns were identified?
Straight urethra
Urethral flexure
Urethral flexure were associated with intrapelvic bladder location. The more caudal the UVJ was beyond the pecten of the pubis, the more pronounced the flexure. **Bladder neck should normally be cranial to pecten of pubis**
196
Kang et al 2021; The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography: What was a common finding with urethral flexures?
Urethral narrowing was commonly seen in healthy female dogs with a urethral flexure (do not mistake for stricture!)
197
Kang et al 2021; The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography: Can intrapelvic bladder be a normal variant?
Yes. Previous studies associated it with urinary incontinence and other urinary abnormalities; however, subsequent studies have found it to be a normal variant.
198
Kang et al 2021; The urethra of healthy female dogs can be normally narrowed due to the urethral flexure in retrograde CT urethrography: Which portions of the urethra changed in size with urinary bladder distention?
The proximal and middle thirds of the urethra. The distal third did not change.
199
Timperman et al 2021; The vertebral heart scale on CT is correlated to radiographs in dogs: Major findings?
Sagittal view VHS scores on CT are correlated with lateral view VHS in dogs, but there is **high variability between the two**.
Cardiac cycle has minimal effect, so cardiac gating is unnecessary.
200
Ya-Ma et al 2021; Ultrasonographic appearance of pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia in a dog: What were the US findings?
Pathognomonic for this condition:
Segmental circumferential thickening of the right uterine horn.
Marked thickening of endometrium with hyperechoic linear striations.
201
Ya-Ma et al 2021; Ultrasonographic appearance of pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia in a dog: What is decidualization?
Decidualization is a process of endometrium changes in the preparation for and during pregnancy.
202
Ya-Ma et al 2021; Ultrasonographic appearance of pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia in a dog: What is the clinical significance? When does this phenomenon occur?
Unknown clinical significance, but may predispose to pyometra.
Occurs during luteal phase/diestrus. Generally a self-limiting and transient condition.
Can occur in nulliparous and multiparous bitches.
203
Ya-Ma et al 2021; Ultrasonographic appearance of pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia in a dog: What are other names for this condition?
- **Deciduoma**
- Segmental endometrial hyperplasia
- Endometrial hyperplasia in pseudopregnancy
- Maternal placental-like endometrial hyperplasia
This process DOES NOT model cystic endometrial hyperplasia.
204
Rellan et al 2021; Ultrasonographic anatomy of the dorsal region of the carpus of the dog: Identify the structures.
White arrowhead = Abductor pollicis longus tendon
White arrow = Extensor carpi radialis tendon
Black arrowhead = Common digital extensor tendon
Gray arrowhead = Extensor lateralis tendon
Black arrow = Extensor carpi ulnaris tendon
205
Rellan et al 2021; Ultrasonographic anatomy of the dorsal region of the carpus of the dog: What 3 tubular structures are lateral and superficial to the extensor carpi radialis tendon?
Accessory cephalic vein (medial and largest)
Cranial superficial antebrachial artery
Radial nerve (lateral)
206
Berle et al 2021; Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs: What was the most common organ affected?
Colon
207
Berle et al 2021; Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs: What were the ultrasonographic findings associated with the colon?
- Colonic wall thickening (0.36 cm - 1.2 cm)
- Diffuse, multifocal, or focal distribution
- Altered wall layering (complete or partial, **usually submucosal layer**)
208
Berle et al 2021; Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs: What other findings were seen besides colonic changes?
- Small intestinal thickening with altered wall layering
- Lymphadenopathy
- Peritoneal effusion (usually transudate secondary to hypoalbuminemia)
209
Berle et al 2021; Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs: What breeds tend to be predisposed?
**Cited source**
- Young working/sporting breeds
- Toy breeds (Schnauzers may be overrepresented)
210
Berle et al 2021; Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs: What is the most specific finding associated with gastrointestinal neoplasia?
**Cited source**
Loss of wall layering.
211
Berle et al 2021; Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs: What common biochemical abnormalities were present?
- Hypoalbuminemia (89%)
- Hyperglobulinemia (50%)
- Non-regenerative anemia
212
Costanza et al 2021; Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney-to-aorta parameters in Whippets: In which sex and breed group is systemic arterial pressure higher?
**Cited source**
Males and Sighthounds
213
Costanza et al 2021; Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney-to-aorta parameters in Whippets: What was the specific ratio in Whippets?
6.3-6.9 KD/Ao ratio, which is much narrower than the original (5.5-9.1)
214
Costanza et al 2021; Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney-to-aorta parameters in Whippets: Did sex, age, or weight have any impact on the ratio? Were the ratios different between right and left kidneys?
No.
215
Labrador et al 2021; Use of an extended CT scale reconstruction to diagnose metal implant failure in a canine elbow: How common is persistence of the HIF following transcondylar fixation and what is the clinical implication?
In a previous study, 6/9 dogs had persistence of the HIF. This could lead to a higher risk of implant failure.
Also, transcondylar screw placement (which is used for HIF) has a higher complication rate compared to other orthopedic procedures.
216
Labrador et al 2021; Use of an extended CT scale reconstruction to diagnose metal implant failure in a canine elbow: What factors are involved with streak and blooming artifacts associated with metallic implants?
- Photon starvation
- Beam hardening
- Filtered back projection reconstruction (magnifies artifacts from the first two)
217
Labrador et al 2021; Use of an extended CT scale reconstruction to diagnose metal implant failure in a canine elbow: What tools are available to reduce metal artifacts?
Manufacturer dependent:
- Modified iterative reconstruction
- Projection interpolation algorithms
- Virtual monochromatic imaging with dual energy CT
These techniques improve the soft tissues around the implant, but not necessarily appearance of implant itself.
218
Labrador et al 2021; Use of an extended CT scale reconstruction to diagnose metal implant failure in a canine elbow: What is the typical HU of metallic implants?
7000-15000 HU, which extends outside of the normal 12-bit image depth range (4096 CT values, range -1024 to 3071)
219
Labrador et al 2021; Use of an extended CT scale reconstruction to diagnose metal implant failure in a canine elbow: What is ETCS?
Manufacturer option included with modern day scanners:
- Expands CT values by factor of 10 (40960)
- Uses 16-bit image depth (65536)
220
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What is the overall incidence of pituitary lesions in asymptomatic dogs?
13%
221
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What is the most common pituitary lesion seen?
Pituitary cysts.
Commonly seen in toy breeds and brachycephalics
222
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: How do you tell the difference between a cyst in the neurohypophysis versus adenohypophysis?
Neurohypophyseal cysts (surrounded by T1W hypointense rim)
Adenohypophyseal cysts (displaced T1W bright spot of neurohypophysis)
223
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: Which breed group and sex is predisposed to partial or total empty sella?
- Toy breeds and brachycephalics
- Males
224
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: T/F - Pituitary cysts and empty sella were better identified with high field strength magnets.
False. In this study, pituitary cysts were better identified with high field strength magnets and empty sella was better seen with low field strength magnets.
225
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What are causes of V-shaped neurohypophysis?
1. Prominence of the infundibular recess of the 3rd ventricle
2. When MRI transverse slice cuts neurohypophysis near its rostral margin
226
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What were some other incidental lesions seen?
1) Lateral displacement of the bright spot
2) Heterogeneous, ring-like, or asymmetric contrast enhancement (probably small non-functional microadenoma present, regions of altered perfusion, previous pituitary lesion, or previous trauma)
227
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What is the definition of a pituitary macrotumor? How often are these tumors malignant or benign?
A macrotumor is >1 cm.
About 25% of these are malignant and 75% are benign.
228
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What are some neurological deficits to be kept in mind with pituitary macrotumors?
If the tumors affect CN V, VII, and VIII you can see:
- Masticatory muscle atrophy
- Facial hypalgesia and paresis
- Vestibular signs
229
Travetti et al 2021; Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland: What is the difference between primary and secondary empty sella?
Primary = Unrelated to pathology; usually incidental
Secondary = Usually shrinkage of pituitary tumor secondary to radiation, surgery, or post-apoplexy
230
Dias et al 2021; Vertebral heart score to evaluate cardiac size in thoracic radiographs of 124 healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus): What are the normal VHS used for rats?
Anesthetized rats:
Right lateral = 7-8.5
VD = 6.6-8.6
Males had larger VHS than females.
231
Dias et al 2021; Vertebral heart score to evaluate cardiac size in thoracic radiographs of 124 healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus): What heart disease do rats commonly get?
DCM.
232
Beasley et al 2021; Verminous myelopathy secondary to aberrant Dirofilaria immitis migrans was detected in the cervical subarachnoid space of four dogs using MRI and CT: What was the common signalment?
- Toy breeds
- Heartworm antigen positive
- Neurological signs (cervical hyperesthesia to tetraparesis)
233
Beasley et al 2021; Verminous myelopathy secondary to aberrant Dirofilaria immitis migrans was detected in the cervical subarachnoid space of four dogs using MRI and CT: What were the MRI findings?
Intradural extramedullary fusiform mass with **characteristic stippled predominantly T2W hyper and T1W hypo to iso, mixed heterogeneous mass**
Dorsal or lateral location in cervical spinal cord
Worms themselves were T2/T1 hypoattenuating and circular or serpentine in shape.
234
Beasley et al 2021; Verminous myelopathy secondary to aberrant Dirofilaria immitis migrans was detected in the cervical subarachnoid space of four dogs using MRI and CT: What were the CT findings?
Mildly contrast enhancing intradural-extramedullary compressive lesions
235
Kopke et al 2021; Videofluoroscopy, CT angiography, and ultrasonography of congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever: What is the underlying case?
Intrinsic stenosis of the esophageal lumen secondary to fibromuscular hypertrophy.
236
Kopke et al 2021; Videofluoroscopy, CT angiography, and ultrasonography of congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever: What were the esophagram findings?
Severe focal dilation of cervical esophagus followed by a narrowed lumen
237
Kopke et al 2021; Videofluoroscopy, CT angiography, and ultrasonography of congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever: What were the CT and US findings?
CT:
- Marked circumferential thickening of the esophagus over a 5 cm segment
US
- Severe circumferential muscular thickening
238
Kopke et al 2021; Videofluoroscopy, CT angiography, and ultrasonography of congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever: What other species gets congenital esophageal stenosis?
**Cited source**
Horses
239
Kopke et al 2021; Videofluoroscopy, CT angiography, and ultrasonography of congenital esophageal stenosis in a Labrador retriever: What locations have been typically reported congenital esophageal stenosis?
**Cited source**
- Thoracic esophagus or caudal 1/3 as opposed to the cervical esophagus in this case.
