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PATH2220 > W1 > Flashcards

W1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a disease

A

an abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism

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2
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

mechanism of a disease

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3
Q

what are the different levels of examination

A

– Macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Ultrastructural
– Functional – Genetic

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4
Q

what are acquired causes of pathology

A 
– Infectious agents
– Trauma
– Vasculature events
– Immune reactions
– Metabolic disorders
– Nutrition and the envirnoment – Idiopathic
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5
Q

what are types of pathogenesis

A

– Inflammation and pus formation
– Necrosis (cellular +/- tissue death)
– Neoplasia (malignant change – cancer) – etc

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6
Q

what are symptoms

A

things the patient feels.
– A departure from normal function or feeling
– Noticed by the patient
– E.g. Temperature (ever), lump, rash, weight loss

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7
Q

what are signs

A

physical findings.
– Objective evidence of disease
– Noticed by patient or doctor on clinical examination – E.g. heart rate, enlarged organs

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8
Q

what is anatomical pathology

A

Tissue diagnosis. Biopsy (piece of tissue) of
disease:
– Surgically removed – Skin biopsy

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9
Q

what is cytology

A

Assessment of liquid samples or smears of cells

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10
Q

what is chemical pathology

A

Detecting changes in a wide range of substances in blood and body fluids in association with diseases:
– Electrolytes, enzymes and proteins
– Hormones, vitamins and minerals
– Tumour (cancer) markers
– Poisons and both therapeutic and illicit drugs

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11
Q

what is haematology

A

Disorders of the blood and bone marrow.
Diagnosis of
– Reactive conditions – Inherited diseases
– Malignant diseases – Secondary disorders

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12
Q

what is microbiology

A

Diagnosis and treatment of infections

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13
Q

what is immunology

A

Diseases of the immune system and allergy

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14
Q

what is genetic pathology

A

Genetic basis of inherited & acquired diseases

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15
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: BC

A

Egyptians and Greeks

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16
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 1st century AD

A

Galen

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17
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 500-575

A

Byzantine and arabs

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18
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 15th century

A

benivieni

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19
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 16th century

A

william harvey

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20
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 17th century

A

morgagni

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21
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 18th century

A

john hunter

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22
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: mid 19th century

A

microscope, stains

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23
Q

who was responsible for milestones in the following time period: 20th century

A

Cytochemistry; EM; IHC

24
Q

what happened in 2500BC – 999 CE “Mirror of the Soul”

A
  • Human body was a mystery to the world of science
  • Different cultures employed various forms of observation, experience, ritual, intuition, and other methods to combat illness
  • Varying degrees of success
  • Exploration of human physiology was elusive
  • No understanding of tissue or blood
25
Q

what happened in ancient egypt

A

Egyptian medicine:
– 1st documentation of disease
– 17 century BC Edwin Smith papyrus: different types of bone injuries, ulcerating “lumps”
– Mummies: bone tumours, gall stones, abscesses
– No knowledge of the underlying processes
– Gods were the cause of disease
– Cancer: tumour against god Xenus

26
Q

2500 – 400 BC

A

• C 2500 BC: Egyptians used bleeding to treat patients
• C 500BC: Arteries and veins differ (animal dissection)
• C 450 – 400BC Empedocles (Greek philosopher):
– Believed the heart to be the organ of sense
– Theorised that all matter is comprised of four “roots“: earth, fire, air, water

27
Q

Hippocrates of Kos C400BC

A

Greek physician (460 – c370BC) • Father of Western medicine
• Rejected idea of disease as affliction of gods • Body composed of 4 humours (‘humourism’)
– Blood: sanguine
– Phlegm: phlegmatic
– Yellow bile: choleric
– Black bile: melancholic
– Imbalance of the humours was the cause of disease

28
Q

C 350 BC: Aristotle:

A

– Believed the heart to be the central organ of the
body and the seat of the soul.
– Conducted animal dissections and described anatomical structures

29
Q

Cornelius Celsus:

A

– Roman encyclopaedist (30BC – 38AD)
– Classic definition of inflammation
– rubor (redness), tumour (swelling), calor (warmth), dolor (pain)

30
Q

Claudius Galen (b.130AD)

A
  • Most significant Roman physician
  • Followed Hippocratic concepts of 4 humours
  • Prodigious writings on pathology
  • Extensive animal dissections formed the basis for his theories and teachings
  • Proved that arteries contain blood
  • Many false theories
  • But, ideas persisted for 15 centuries
31
Q

1000 – 1699 “Status Quo Under Fire”

A
  • Mid 1200s: Cairo physician Ibn al-Nafis discovered & described pulmonary circulation
  • Preserved and translated the Greek writings
  • Had an awareness of Indian medicine
  • Translations in Spain passed this knowledge to Europe
  • Did not progress understandings of disease
32
Q

Antonio Benivieni (1443-1502)

A

– Performed autopsies

33
Q

• 16th and 17th century:

A

– Anatomists
– Were aware of pathological structures as a result of their anatomical studies
– Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 (b. Brussels)

34
Q

European Renaissance Period

A

• Antonio Benivieni (1443-1502) – Performed autopsies
• 16th and 17th century:
– Anatomists
– Were aware of pathological structures as a result of their anatomical studies
– Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 (b. Brussels)

35
Q

Andreas Vesalius (1555)

A
  • On graduation appointed to Chair of Surgery and Anatomy at Padua
  • Studied Galen’s works and challenged his ideas
  • Founder of modern human anatomy
  • Dissected bodies of executed criminals
  • Published work on findings from human autopsies: “the anatomical view of the body”
36
Q

William Harvey (1578 – 1657)

A
  • English physician
  • Revolutionised concepts of disease causation
  • A severe blow to the humoural theory
  • 1613: Described circulation of the blood
  • Functioning & pumping of the heart
  • Observed cardiac pathology: – Ventricular rupture
37
Q

The Seventeenth Century

A
  • Harvey: Circulation of blood, 1613
  • 17th Century - a haphazard mixture of: • Folk cures, astrology, religion
  • Lessons from the Greek
  • Treatments included:
  • Roots, worms, herbs
  • Powders from crabs eyes, viper’s tongues
  • Barbers operated as frequently as surgeons • Bleak times, but also time of innovation
38
Q

Jean-Baptiste Denis 1667

A
  • Physician to Louis XIV
  • Gave the first reported blood transfusion to Antoine Mauroy, a madman
  • Direct transfusion of calf blood
  • Beginnings of blood transfusion
39
Q

The French Response

A

Two of first four transfusion recipients died • French physicians disapproved
• April 17, 1668, French courts determined:
“that for the future no transfusion should be made upon any human body but by the approbation of
the Physicians of the Parisian Faculty.”
• Within ten years transfusion was prohibited in France and England

40
Q

James Blundell (1790 - 1877)

A
  • Resuscitated transfusion
  • London physician
  • Troubled by frequency of post- partum haemorrhage “…the patient might very probably have been saved by transfusion.”
  • Used human blood to replace blood lost
  • Established rational indications for blood transfusion
41
Q

John Hunter (1728 – 1793)

A

• Scottish Surgeon
• Initially worked in anatomy with aptitude in
dissection and preparation of specimens
• Emphasised the importance of relationship between structure and function
• Advocate of careful observation and scientific method in medicine
• Hunterian Museum, RCS

42
Q

18th Century

A

• Autopsies more common
• Pathological observations
• GiovanniBatistaMorgagni
– 1682 - 1771
– Beginning of modern medicine and pathology
– Correlated symptoms with autopsy findings
– Diseases had an anatomical and organ basis

43
Q

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

A

• English physician & surgeon under John Hunter
• Pioneer of smallpox vaccine
• “Father of Immunology”
• “Saved more lives than any other man”
• Milkmaids generally immune to smallpox:
– Postulated pus in blisters milkmaids received from
cowpox protected them from smallpox
– Infection with cowpox gave immunity to smallpox
• 1796 first smallpox vaccine

44
Q

• 1850 Semmelweis

A

– Washing hands to stop the spread of disease

45
Q

• 1862 Louis Pasteur

A

germ theory of disease

46
Q

• 1867 Joseph Lister:

A

– Practised antiseptic surgery

47
Q

• 1876 Robert Koch:

A

– Causal relationship between microbe and disease
– Nobel Prize 1905 “for his investigations and
discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”

48
Q

19th Century: Microscope Era

A

New technology: Optics and the microscope • Recognition of cells

49
Q

• Carl von Rokitansky (1804 - 1878)

A

– Championed use of autopsy in studying disease
– Reputed to have performed 30,000 postmortem examinations in Vienna
– Chemistry of the blood and disease
– Teaching of medicine changed to science rather than tradition

50
Q

Rudolf Virchow (1821 – 1902)

A

• “Greatest figure in history of pathology”
• Used the microscope for tissue analysis
from autopsies
• Initiated the idea that changes in diseased states can be traced to alterations in cells
• The ‘father’ of cellular pathology
• Pathology emerged as a separate academic discipline in 2nd half of the C19

51
Q



Virchow and the History of Leukaemia

A
  • 1845 Rudolf Virchow: large number of white blood cells in blood of a patient: Leukämie
  • 1845 John Hughes Bennett (Edinburgh)
  • Greek “leukos” “heima“ = white blood”
  • 1900 leukemia a family of diseases
  • 1913 four types : chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous, acute lymphocytic and erythroleukaemia
52
Q

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

A

“Fatherofhaematology”
• 1878 Doctoral thesis: compared textile
dyes and cell staining • Haematoxylin: 1865

53
Q

Cytochemistry (1950s)

A
  • The introduction of science

* Detection & localisation of specific cell components

54
Q

Karl Landsteiner (1868 - 1943)

A

• Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Vienna
• Agglutination of blood when mixed with others
– Sera agglutinated red cells of some individuals
• Published 1901: documented cellular differences
• Identification of blood groups A, B and C (O)
• Nobel Prize 1930

55
Q

19th and 20th Centuries

A
  • End 19th century- era of experimental medicine and pathology
  • 20th century - electron microscopy
  • Mid-20th century (1953 on) – discovery of double stranded DNA; monoclonal antibodies, cytogenetics
  • 21st Century: molecular biology (genomics)

PATH2220 (14 decks)

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