W1 Respiratory System Structure and Ventilation Flashcards
1
Q
Name the structures of the Upper respiratory tract
A
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
2
Q
Name the structures of the lower respiratory tract
A
Larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli
3
Q
list the 5 functions of the respiratory system
A
- extensive surface for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
- Move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs along resp pways
- protect respiratory surfaces from outside environment- dehydration, temp change, pathogens
- produce sounds for speaking/ communication
- olfactory sense- detect odours in superior portions of nasal cav
4
Q
Portion of respiratory tract extending from the nose to the terminal bronchioles
A
Conducting portion
5
Q
Portion of respiratory tract made up of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
A
Respiratory portion
6
Q
What membrane lines the conducting portion and helps the ‘conditioning process’ of inhaled air?
A
Respiratory Mucosa
7
Q
Where are the lings situated?
A
In the left and right pleural cavity
8
Q
Pleural fluid function
A
lubrication to allow expanding and shrinking of lungs
9
Q
What is the oblique fissure?
A
seperates the superior and inferior lobes of the lungs
10
Q
How is the left lung different from the right?
A
Left lungs only has superior and inferior lobe, right lung has sup, middle and inferior lobe.
11
Q
How is the pericardial cavity accomodated in the pleural cavity?
A
space for Pericardial cavity in the cardiac notch by left lung
12
Q
Superior, inferior and middle lobes of right lung seperated by ____
A
oblique and horizontal fissures
13
Q
What is the hilum of the lung?
A
point of attachment between the lung and lung root. Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels,nerves and lymph
14
Q
Function of respiratory mucosa
A
filtration mechanism to reduce amount of pathogen or debris in inhaled air
15
Q
R mucosa consists of
A
epithelium layer and underlying areolar tissue layer
16
Q
what is the name of the areolar tissue layer that supports the respiratory epithlium?
A
Lamina Propria
17
Q
Lam Prop in upper resp tract contains
A
mucous glands
18
Q
Lam Prop in lower resp tract contains
A
bundles of smooth muscle cells. In bronchioles forms thick bands encircling around the lumen
19
Q
What does the R mucosa of the trachea contain?
A
Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitial layer
20
Q
What type of epthelial layer lines the nasal cavity and superior pharynx?
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and muscous cells.
21
Q
Epithelium lining inferior pharynx
A
stratified squamous epithelium
22
Q
What is the function of the pharyngeal epithelium?
A
transport food to esophagus and air to larynx
protect against abrasion and chemicals
23
Q
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines which portion of the respiratory tract?
A
superior portion of lower tract
24
Q
Cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia lines which part of resp system?
A
Bronchioles
25
What are the exchange surfaces of alveoli made up of?
simple squamous epithelium
26
what makes up the alveolar epithelium?
simple squamous cells and specialised cells
27
What structure is the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system?
The Nose
28
Which two structures does air pass through in the nose?
Nares (nostrils) into the nasal vestibule
29
What is the nasal vestibule?
space contained within the flexible tissue of the nose
30
Function of vestibule
First defense mechanism- coarse hairs on epithelium trap debris
31
Which structures form the nasal septum?
fusion of perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer. Anterior portion hyaline cartilage.
32
Function of mucous
produced in paranasal sinuses, cleans and moistens nasal cavity
33
Nasolacrimal ducts function
drain tears into nasal cavity
34
The superior portion of the nasal cavoty serves what purpose?
olfactory region
35
Which structures make up the olfactory region?
inferior surface of cribriform plate, superior portion of nasal septum, superior nasal conchae
36
narrow grooves in nasal cavity causing air turbulence
nasal conchae- superior, middle, inferior meatus
37
Function of meatus
cause air turbulence to warm and humidify air, trap particles in nasal mucosa, stimulate olfactory receptors
38
List in order the structures of the nose and nasal cavity that air passes through
Nares, vestibule, nasal conchae
39
Function of the bony hard palate
forms floor of nasal cavity seperates it from oral cav
40
what structure extends posteripr to the hard palate?
soft palate
41
function of soft palate
marks boundary of superior nasopharynx and rest of pharynx
42
What structure does the nasal cavity open into at the choanae?
nasopharynx
43
What does the lamina propria of the nasal cavity contain?
abundance of arteries, vein and capillaries for nutrient to sensory cells
44
What is special about the LP in the nasal conchae?
network of highly expandable veins- vascularisation warms and humidifies incoming air.
45
Breathing through the nose prevents
heat loss and water loss
46
Which structure is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?
pharynx
47
Name the three sections of the pharynx
(Sup) Nasopharynx
(Mid) Oropharynx
(Inf) Laryngopharynx
48
Which section of the pharynx contains pharyngeal tonsils and opening to L and R auditory tubes?
Nasopharynx
49
The nasopharynx contains which structures?
Pharyngeal tonsils and opening to L and R auditory tubes
50
Oropharynx position
between soft palate and base of tongue. posterior poriton of oral cav connects directly with oropharynx
51
Nasopharynx membrane lining?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
52
Which sections of pharynx have stratified squamous epithelium lining?
oro and laryngo
53
Laryngopharynx position?
between hyoid bone and entrance to esophagus and larynx
54
Function of stratified squamous epithelium in pharynx?
protect against abrasion, chemicals and pathogens
55
Which structure does air pass through to get into the larynx?
Glottis
56
What is the glottis commonly known as?
Voice box
57
What is the larynx?
cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis
58
Position of the larynx
begins at level of C4/5 vertebra and ends at level of C6
59
Name the three unpaired cartilages in the larynx
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
60
Unpaired cartilages form
C shaped rings around lumen
61
Which two unpaired larynx cartilages are made up of hyaline?
Thyroid and Cricoid
62
Thyroid cartilage features
forms anterior and lateral walls
U- shaped
Superior to cricoid cartilage
63
Which structures are protected by thyroid cartilage?
Glottis and entrance to trachea
64
Function of cricoid cartilage?
protect glottis
65
Which cartilage forms ring-shaped pattern around larynx?
Cricoid
66
Which cartilage forms a lid over the glottis?
Epiglottis
67
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?
elastic
68
where does the ligament associated with the epiglottis attach?
thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
69
where does ligament associated with thyroid cartilage attach?
hyoid bones, epiglottis and laryngeal cartilages
70
Name the small cartilages of the larynx
Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform
71
what is the function of the small cartilages of the larynx?
sound production and opening/ closing of the glottis
72
How is sound produced?
air through the glottis vibrates vocal chords creating sound waves.
73
How is sound variation caused?
tension on vocal folds and voluntary muscles
| position of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
74
What is produced in the larynx with regard to speech?
phonation
75
What is articulation with regard to speech?
modification of sound by other structures
76
Which ligaments are found in larynx?
Vestibular and Vocal
77
Position of ligaments
extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
78
Vestibular and Vocal ligs covered by _____
covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium
79
Vestibular ligaments function
protect vocal folds
80
Which structure prevents foreign objects entering the glottis?
Vestibular folds
81
Which structure do the vestibular ligaments lie within?
Vestibular folds
82
What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
control vocal folds
open and close glottis
coughing reflex
83
Where do the intrinsic muscles insert?
thyroid, arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
84
Infection or inflammation in the larynx is called
Laryngitis
85
Acute Epiglottitis causes
swelling of the glottis, possibly resulting in suffocation
86
What causes Acute Epiglottitis?
bacterial infection in the throat
87
What is the main symptom of larygnitis?
hoarseness due to vocal folds inflammed
88
Where does the Trachea begin?
ligamentous attachment to cricoid cartilage
89
which ligament is associated with the trachea?
anular ligament
90
what band of smooth muscle controls the diameter of the tracheal lumen?
trachealis
91
describe the cartilage of the trachea
15-20 C shaped, protects anterior and lateral walls, open side faces the esophagus. not continuous
92
Why are the cartilages non continuous in the trachea?
can move around so allows large amounts of food to pass through esophagus
93
function of the tracheal cartilages
stiffen airway, prevent collapse or overexpansion
94
in relation to the spine, where is the trachea?
starts C6 end around T5
95
in relation to the respiratory system, where is the trachea?
cricoid region to the mediastinum
96
the ANS sympathetic stimulates which strcuture in the trachea?
trachealis to increase lumen diameter to get more air flow
97
what is the diameter and length of the tracheal lumen?
~2.5 cm, 11cm length
98
which structures connect the ends of the tracheal cartilages?
trachealis and anular ligament
99
describe the submucosa of the trachea
thick layer CT containing tracheal glands that secrete through short ducts
100
what is on the lining of the lumen of the trachea?
cilia
101
the tracheal mucosa resembles that of which other structures?
nasopharynx and nasal cavity
102
Trachea branches to form which structure?
L and R primary bronchi
103
where are the primary bronchi?
mediastinum
104
what separates the L + R bronchus?
Carina - internal ridge
105
describe the cartilages of the bronchus
overlapping C shaped rings
106
What forms the bronchial tree?
primary bronchus and lobar bronchi
107
What are the lobar bronchi?
secondary branches, supply the different lobes of the lungs
108
How many lobar bronchi do each lung have?
L- 2, R- 3
109
Why is a foreign object more likely to be in the right bronchi?
Right bronchi is larger in diameter and descends at a steeper angle
110
What do the lobar bronchi branch into?
segmental bronchi
111
where do the segmental bronchi supply?
single bronchopulmonary segments
112
How many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung?
L- 8/9, R- 10
113
what changes occur as the bronchi seperate into the secondary and tertiary branches?
walls- decreased cartilage, increase smooth muscle
114
what do the tertiary bronchi branch into?
bronchioles, terminal bronchioles then into alveoli
115
increased smooth muscle in the bronchioles means
more muscular effect on airway resistance and constriction
116
brionchioles contain only
smooth muscle
117
what membrane lines terminal and respiratory bronchioles and why?
cuboidal epithelium to humidify and moisten air
118
Which regions of the bronchi are controlled by ANS?
lumen diameter and regulates smooth muscle
119
Bronchitis causes breathlessness due to what?
constriction of airway and increased air resistance due to inflammation
120
Bronchiodilation
sympathetic ANS decrease resistance- widening of airways
121
Bronchioconstriction
parasympathetic ANS or histamines- constrict airways
122
Functionally, bronchioles of the respiratory are equal to which part of the CV system
arterioles
123
Excessive stimulation of smooth muscle of the bronchioles results in which chronic condition?
asthma
124
Folds in the bronchiole mucosa occur when
increased tension in smooth muscle, increases air resistance
125
Air filled pockets within the lungs where gas exchange takes place
Alveoli
126
list in order the structures included in the flow of air from trachea to alveoli
Trachea, primary bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, individual alveoli, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
127
what structure maintains the position of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles?
elastic fibres and capillary network
128
elastic fibres function
maintain position of alveoli
| recoil during exhalation, reduce size of alveoli and force air out
129
alveoli layer made up of
simple squamous epithelium
130
squamous cells also called
pneumocytes type 1
131
pneumocytes I function
gas diffusion site
132
pneumocytes II function
produce surfactant
133
specialised cell in alveoli that engulfs foreign particles
alveolar macrophages
134
What is surfactant?
oily secretion containing proteins and phospholipids
135
function of surfactant
reduce surface tension in thin water layer, prevents collapse of alveoli, keeps alveoli open
136
What condition can occur if inadequate surfactant?
respiratory distress syndrome
137
List the three layers of the blood- air barrier
1. alveolar cell layer
2. capillary endothelial layer
3. fused basement membrane
138
How does blood- air barrier allow quick diffusion
Large SA, short diffusion pway, small lipid soluble o2 and co2
139
How does pneumonia develop?
develops from any infection or particle causing inflammation in the lungs where fluid leaks into alveoli
140
Which artery supplies the respiratory portion of the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
141
what pathway does the blood follow through the pulmonary arteries?
deoxygenated blood carried into the lungs via pulm artery
oxygen-rich blood into the pulmonary venules then into the pulmonary vein
P vein enters left atrium
142
What supplies the conducting portion of the lungs?
Bronchial capillaries
| Oxygenated blood from thoracic aorta into bronchial artery into bronchial capillaries
143
External respiration
exchange of oxygen and co2 with the environment to meet the respiratory demands of cells
144
processes involved in external respiration
Pulmonary respiration, gass diffusion, storage and transport of o2 and co2
145
Internal respiration
cellular respiration, absorption of o2 and release of co2 by cells
146
Low tissue oxygen level
Hypoxia
147
No o2 supply to tissue
Anoxia
148
What is Pulmonary ventilation?
air in and out of respiratory tract
149
Alveolar ventilation
physical movement of air in and out of alveoli
150
what does alveolar ventilation prevent?
build up of co2 in alveoli
151
function of pulmonary ventilation
Maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
| ensures continuous supply of o2
152
Boyles Law defines
relationship between gas pressure and volume
153
Boyles Law shows that
increased pressure, decreases volume
decreased pressure, increases volume
air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
154
Compliance of the lung measures
expandability in response to applied pressure
155
Air flow is dictated by
external air pressure and interpulmonary pressure
156
P=1/V
Boyle's Law
157
Low compliance of the lungs means
greater force required to fill the lungs
158
Factors affecting compliance
CT structure of the lungs- e.g emphysema increases compliance as alveoli larger than normal
Level of surfactant produced- low level surfactant causes alveoli collapse so compliance lower
Mobility of thoracic cage- arthiritius etc lower compliance stops ribs moving up and out
159
Inhalation
active process increasing thoracic volume decreasing pressure so that air flow in
160
movement involved in inhalation
elevation rib cage
| contraction diaphragm
161
exhalation
passive process, decrease volume so pressure increases therefore air out
162
movement involved in passive exhalation
diaphragm relax, rib cage return to normal
163
movement involved in active exhalation
internal intercostals and transverse thoracis depress ribs
| abdominal muscles compress abdomen, forcing diaphragm upward
164
What are the primary respiratory muscles
diaphragm and external intercostals
165
Why are diaphragm and external intercostals primary muscles?
active at rest
166
Name the accessory respiratory muscles
sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
167
What is the function of accessory resp muscles?
contract to assist external IC during active respiration to lift ribs
168
Clinical name for quiet breathing
Eupnea
169
Clinical name for forced breathing
Hyperpnea
170
Which type of eupnea is predominantly diaphragm assisted
deep breathing (diaphragmatic breathing)
171
Costal breathing is dominated by
rib cage movements
172
costal breathing is also known as
shallow breathing
173
what is elastic rebound?
passive exhalation
1. expansion of lungs stretches elastic fibres
2. elevation of ribcage stretches opposing skeletal muscles and elastic fibres in CT
when inhalation muscles relax, elastic fibres recoil, returning ribcage and diaphragm to original position
174
Ve = f x Vt
Respiratory Minute Volume (Ve)
```
f= resp rate
Vt = tidal vol
```
175
average respiratory rate at rest
12 breaths per minute
176
average tidal volume at rest
500ml per breath
177
Va= f x (Vt-Vd)
Alveolar Ventilation (VA)
```
f= resp rate
Vt= tidal vol
Vd= anatomical dead space
```
178
Respiratory Minute Volume equation
Ve = f x Vt
179
Inspiratory Reserve (IRV)
Volume of air taken in over avg resting Vt
180
Expiratory Reserve (ERV)
Volume of air voluntarily expelled after normal quiet breathing cycle
181
Volume of air taken in over avg resting Vt
IRV Inspiratory Reserve
182
Volume of air voluntarily expelled after normal quiet breathing cycle
ERV Expiratory Reserve
183
Residual Volume
Amount of air remaining in lung after max exhaustion
184
Inspiratory Capacity
amount of air that can be drawn into lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle (Vt + IRV)
185
Vt + IRV
Inspiratory Capacity
186
Amount of air remaining in lung after max exhaustion
Residual Volume
187
amount of air that can be drawn into lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle (Vt + IRV)
Inspiratory Capacity
188
Rv + ERV
Functional Residual Capacity
189
Functional Residual Capacity
amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle
190
Vital Capacity
max amount of air moved out of lungs in one single breath (ERV + Vt + IRV)
191
ERV + Vt + IRV
Vital Capacity
192
why must there always be some air in the lungs?
lungs would collapse
193
FEV1 ,2 ,3...
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1,2,3... seconds
194
FEV used for
assessing and diagnosing lung disease, asthma etc
195
FVC
Forced vital capacity
196
Forced Vital Capacity measures
max volume of gas expelled after max inspiration
197
FER
Forced Expiratory Ratio
198
Forced Expiratory Ratio=
FEV1/ FVC
199
FER used for
diagnosing asthma and COPD
200
max volume of gas expelled after max inspiration
FVC
201
used for assessing and diagnosing lung disease, asthma etc
FEV
202
max amount of air moved out of lungs in one single breath (ERV + Vt + IRV)
Vital Capacity
203
amount of air remaining in lungs after complete quiet breathing cycle
FRC
204
mmHg
millimeters of mercury
most common
measure bp/ gas pressures
205
normal atmospheric pressure
760mmHg
206
760mmHg
normal atmospheric pressure
207
Torr equal to
1mmHg
208
Cm of water CmH2o
measure anaesthetic gas pressure/ o2 pressure
209
1 cmH2o equal to ? mmHg
0.735 mmHg
210
0.735 mmHg = ? cmh2o
1
211
Psi stands for
pounds per square inch
212
psi used to measure
pressures in compressed gas cylinders and industrial applications
213
15 psi =
normal atmospheric pressure at sea level
214
normal atmospheric pressure at sea level
15 psi
215
Composition of Air at sea level
Nitrogen 78.6%
O2 20.9%
Water vapour 0.5%
CO2 0.04 %
216
78.6% comp
Nitrogen at sea level
217
20.9% comp
oxygen at sea level
218
0.5% comp
water vapour at sea level
219
0.04 % comp
co2 at sea level
