W10 - The Endocrine System

Question 1

What manufactures specific hormones?

Answer 1

Specialised epithelial secretory cells

Question 2

What are the different ways in which hormones can communicate?

Answer 2

Endocrine

Autocrine

Paracrine

Juxtacrine

Question 3

What do hormones ultimately do?

Answer 3

Reg cell function

Metabolism

Homeostasis via their effects on enzyme

Question 4

What are the 2 main categories of hormones?

Answer 4

Steroid

Non-steroid

Question 5

What are the lipid soluble steroid hormone synthesised from?

Answer 5

Cholesterol

Question 6

How do the steroid hormones circulate in the blood?

Answer 6

Bound to a carrier protein i.e albumin

Question 7

What are the steroid hormones bound to binding proteins called?

Answer 7

Inactive

Question 8

How do steroid hormones transport/function?

Answer 8

Diff into cell

Specific receptor located in cytoplasm or nucleus,

Hormone-receptor complex activates gene expression

Protein synthesis is induced

Question 9

Are non-steroid hormones water or fat soluble?

Answer 9

Water

Question 10

Can non-steroid hormones diffuse across cell membranes?

Answer 10

NO

Question 11

Give examples of steroid hormones

Answer 11

Glucocorticoids

Aldosterone

Sex hormones

Question 12

What happens in a -ive feedback loop?

Answer 12

Stimulus activates endocrine gland.

Gland secretes hormone

Target cells respond to hormone - reducing original stimulus

Switches off further hormone prod by gland

Question 13

What is the pituitary gland often termed?

Answer 13

Master regulator

Question 14

How is the pituitary gland divided?

Answer 14

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Question 15

What are the lobes of the pituitary gland under direct control from?

Answer 15

Hypothalamic hormones

Question 16

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland stores hormones made by what and release into where?

Answer 16

Made by hypothalamic neurones

Releases into circulation

Question 17

Where does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland receive hormones via?

Answer 17

Via vessels

= Stimulating further hormone release by pituitary.

Question 18

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary lobe secrete?

Answer 18

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 19

What is oxytocin responsible for?

Answer 19

Uterus contraction

Milk ejection during lactation

Question 20

What does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 20

Melatonin (derivative of serotonin)

• Released in rhythmic fashion

Question 21

What is the pineal gland suppressed by?

Answer 21

Light

= Most active at night.

Question 22

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 22

Modulates sleep patterns in circadian rhythms.

Question 23

What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 23

Thryoxine

Triiodthyronine

Question 24

What is the thyroid gland involved in?

Answer 24

Tissue development

Macronutrient metabolism

Question 25

What does the parathyroid gland produce?

Answer 25

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 26

What are the dual functions of the pancreas?

Answer 26

Exocrine function Endocrine function

Question 27

What are the endocrine parts of the pancreas called?

Answer 27

Islets of Langerhans

Question 28

What are the 4 types of cells in the pancreas?

Answer 28

Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells F cells

Question 29

What is the primary role of the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 29

Reg blood glucose levels

Question 30

What cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

Answer 30

Alpha cells

Question 31

What cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?

Answer 31

Beta cells

Question 32

What does each adrenal gland consist of?

Answer 32

Outer adrenal cortex Inner adrenal medulla

Question 33

What are the 3 main endocrine dysfunctions?

Answer 33

Abnormal hormone receptor function/levels Altered intracellular response to hormone-receptor complex Hyper/hypo secretion of hormones by glands

Question 34

What can stimulate GLUT4 recruitment to the cell surface?

Answer 34

Insulin + exercise

Question 35

What does diabetes mellitus type 1 result from?

Answer 35

Bodys failure to produce insulin Onset typically in early childhood

Question 36

What does diabetes mellitus type 2 result from?

Answer 36

Insulin resistance - cells fail to use insulin properly Onset typically in adulthood

Question 37

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) What % of what must be destroyed for hyperglycaemia to occur?

Answer 37

80-90% of beta cells

Question 38

How is glucose supply during exercise maintained?

Answer 38

Mobilisation of glucose from liver glycogen stores Mobilisation of FFA from adipose tissue Gluconeogenesis from aa, LA + glycerol.