W12 & 13 Quiz Flashcards
What does the USDA stand for?
US Department of Agriculture
What does the FDA stand for?
Food and Drug Administration
What does the EPA stand for?
Environmental Protection Agency
Which three government organizations oversee GMO foods?
The FDA, EPA, and the USDA
What are the cons or the hardships when bringing GMO’s to market?
All GMOS have to meet the same safety standard, they need mandatory labels, extensive safety evaluations, they can sometimes be considered an invasive species through pollination
What pros are there and what is the process to bring GMO’s be brought to market?
They don’t usually cost more and they are not necessarily more/less healthy.No more likely have allergies or be toxic however allergies are watched.
Arguments against GMO’s
Farmers can’t compete with large businesses that do GMOs, Ethical feelings about not playing God, No trust in government, people don’t know about long term consequences, New allergens could be introduced that could cause problems. Not enough transparency. They are scared about viruses mutating.
Arguments for GMO’s
Farmers will lose less plants, it’s faster, you can choose genes from the same species, virus resistance, more nutrient-rich. Food scarcity could be easier. You don’t have to use as many pesticides.
What are approved transgenics?
Many GMO crops are approved and used to make ingredients that Americans eat such as cornstarch, corn syrup, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, or granulated sugar. A few fresh fruit and vegetables are available in GMO varieties, including potatoes, summer squash, apples, papayas, and pink pineapples.
Corn is the highest and contains the most varieties that are approved as genetically modified. True or False.
True. We use a lot of corn in this country including from corn syrup, etc
What is flavor savr?
First GMO that was eaten. a genetically modified tomato, CGN-89564-. was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. It was developed by the Californian company Calgene in the 1980s. The tomato has an improved shelf-life, increased fungal resistance and a slightly increased viscosity compared to its non-modified counterpart.he Flavr Savr contains two genes added by Calgene; a reversed antisense polygalacturonase gene which inhibits the production of the aforementioned rotting enzyme and a gene responsible for the creation of APH(3’)II,[3] which confers resistance to certain aminoglycoside antibiotics including kanamycin and neomycin.
What are bovine cows?
milk that contains human antibodies. Human antibodies made in genetically engineered cows have proved safe in an early stage clinical trial, U.S. scientists said it could be developed into a treatment for the fatal viral disease, MERS.
What was AquaAdvantage salmon?
they don’t get bigger than natural salmon but they mature rapidly. higher food source. AquAdvantage® Salmon was developed by inserting into a fertilized Atlantic salmon egg, a transgene constructed from the growth hormone gene of a related species.
What was the enviro pig?
It was the first gmo animal approved by the FDA. Enviropig™ is genetically engineered to produce the enzyme phytase in its salivary glands to enable more effective digestion of phytate, the from of phosphorus found in pig feed ingredients like corn and soybeans.
What was selective breeding with plants and animals?
That has been happening for a very long time. Certains breeds of plants are bred with other plants. Same with animals and dogs but GMO’s are different and they are relevantly new. it’s finding a gene in another organism that we like and putting into the orgamism of interest.
Define GMO’s
finding a gene in another organism that we like and putting it into the orgamism of interest.
What are the kinds of resistence that we are trying to improve with GMO
Vitamins, Immune resistence, viral resistence,
Explain the Soy bean with herbicide resistence
Transgenic soybeans carry multiple Bt genes that provide resistance to important insect pests in agricultural crops have been produced. Bt proteins can suppress major pests thus reducing insecticide
What virus were Plums with viral resistence protecting from?
The HoneySweet plum has been genetically modified to be resistant to the plum pox virus (PPV).
Describe what the point is for Corn with higher oil content
The first high-oil corn varieties were selected in 1896 at the University of Illinois. High-oil corn is a variety of corn that has been genetically selected to contain a greater oil (fat) content in the kernel than would be contained in current “standard” varieties of corn. This is from a larger germ of the corn.
Explain BT maize
Bt maize has revolutionized pest control and many farmers have benefited, but some people remain skeptical of this new technology.Bacillus thuringiensis is a species of bacteria that produces proteins that are toxic to certain insects. Because of this, it has been used as a safe microbial insecticide for over 50 years to control pest caterpillars.
What is atryn?
goat milk for treating blood clots. ATryn was developed by a Massachusetts biotechnology company, GTC Biotherapeutics, by altering the genes of goats so they would produce milk rich in antithrombin, a protein that in humans acts as a natural blood thinner
BT corn. Talk about this and the controversy
There was worry it could affect monarch butterflies but then later studies debunked that and it was approved by the FDA. Critics are worried that it can also kill beneficial insects.
How do the GMO’s work for plants. the process
They isolate the gene of interest, cut out restriction enzymes, ligate into cloning vector, insert the vector into the plant cells, select for plants that took up the vector, and then use those cells to grow a plant with Acrobacterium or a Gene Gun.
What is a gene gun?
You can insert the cloned restriction enzyme into the plant using a gene gun
How does the GMO work for animals
Using transduction with viral vectors. There is some unpredictability with it. It’s a different system then with plants.
What is transduction
The process in which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.
Which viruses are used most?
adenovirus (AAV), adino- associated viruses (AAV2), retro viruses.
Retroviruses use RNA for their information. True or False
True
What is Crispr Cas9 Nuclease?
It’s a gene targeting technique that is faster, less expensive, and it is more accurate. It comes from bacteria and they use it as the immune system. The Cas9 is an enzyme. It’s a nuclease and a helicase. It cuts double stranded DNA. It is It attached to CRISPR which is an RNA molecule which guides the enzyme to cut. It has a specific sequence. The crispr binds to a specific sequence. The Cas9 nucleas binds to the guide and then the Cas9 cuts both strands and then the cell recognizes the damanged dna and repairs it The Crispr CAS9 doesnt repair. It just cuts it but the cell repairs it and so it can inactivate a gene that you don’t want to be active anymore. It can also fix damaged genes or introduce a new gene sequence.
