W2 Flashcards
national level of desired consumption (๐ถ๐)
the aggregate quantity of goods and services that households want to consume
Cd is also linked to ______
Desired national saving (๐^๐
Desired national saving ๐^๐
the level of national saving that occurs when aggregate consumption is at its desired level
desired national saving equation
๐^๐=๐โ๐ถ^๐โ๐บ = Y - national level of desired consumption - G
saving is positive/ negative when
- A person can consume less than current income - A person can consume more than current income
distinction between saving and savings
- Saving refers to the flow of funds that is not consumed out of income.- Savings is the stock of funds that represents the accumulated amount of net saving over time.
Consumption-smoothing
By consuming less today, you accumulate savings, and helps to smooth your consumption
A trade-off between current consumption and future consumption depends on the ___________
real interest rate
5 Determinants of desired national saving
current incomefuture incomewealththe real interest rate fiscal policy
Effect of changes in current income^ in Current Income โ>
^ in Current Income >>> C ^ and S ^However, At the aggregate level: when current income (Y) rises, ๐ถ^๐ rises, but not by as much as Y, so ๐^๐ rises.
MPC
fraction of additional current income consumed in current period
if MPC = 0.4 and MPS = 0.6, and you receive a bonus of $6000 ($60,000 current salary), how much is(i) additional current consumption(ii) saved
(i) 0.4 x $6000 = $2400(ii) 6000-2400 = $3600
Effect of changes in expected future income (
i) higher expected future income leads to _____
(ii) At the aggregate level
(i) more consumption today, so saving falls. (ii) If people expect that aggregate output and income, Y, will be HIGHER in the future, current desired consumption, ๐ถ^๐ , should INCREASE and current desired national saving, ๐^๐, should FALL
Effect of changes in wealth
increase in wealth RAISES current consumption, so LOWERS current saving.
Effect of changes in real interest ratereal return earned by savers is _____
actually less than the difference between the nominal interest rate and expected inflation.
Expected real after-tax interest rate
= nominal after-tax interest rate โ expected inflation rate =(1โ๐ก)๐ โ ๐^๐ * measures the increase in the purchasing power of their saving after payment of taxes.
Summary of Determinants of desired national saving

Crucial role in investment
determining the long-run productive capacity of the economy. Investment creates new capital goods, a high rate of investment means that the capital stock is growing quickly.
desired capital stock
the amount of capital that allows the firm to earn the largest expected profit. -Desired capital stock depends on costs and benefits of additional capital ใ๐ด๐ท๐ฒใ^๐=๐๐
the benefit of investment
is the future marginal product of capital (ใ๐ด๐ท๐ฒใ^๐).
๐๐๐พ. future marginal product of K
expected increase in output that a firm can obtain by adding a unit of capital (ceteris paribus)
User cost of capital
real cost of using a unit of capital for a specified period of time = real interest cost + depreciation. ๐ข๐=๐๐_๐+๐๐_๐=(๐+๐) ๐_๐
Real price of a new oven = $100 per cubic foot. Oven depreciates at rate (produces less cookies) = 10% per year. Can borrow/lend at prevailing exp real interest rate = 8% per year. What is the user cost of capital (oven) per year?
๐ข๐=โ (0.1 + 0.08)โร$100=$18.
MPK>uc MPK
1) profits rise as K is added (marginal benefits > marginal costs). 2) If ใ๐๐๐พใ^๐ < ๐ข๐, profits rise as K is reduced (marginal benefits < marginal costs). 3) Profits are maximized where ใ๐๐๐พใ^๐=๐ข๐.



