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Statistics > W2 - Experimental Design > Flashcards

W2 - Experimental Design Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

Aspect researcher is going to manipulate

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Whats measured

Depends on the cause

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3
Q

What are the types of research designs?

A

Non-experimental / Observational

Experimental

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4
Q

What comes under non-experimental / observational research designs

A

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal / Cohort

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5
Q

What comes under experimental research designs?

A

Quasi-experimental

True experimental

Pre-experimental

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6
Q

Is anything manipulated in non-experimental / observational research designs?

A

No

They analyse the natural differences in the IV vs changes in the DV.

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7
Q

What do experimental research designs test?

A

Whether the manipulated IV causes a change in the DV.

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8
Q

What is the scientific method for research designs?

A

Observations

Research Q

Background research

Develop hypothesis

Test predictions: Observational or experimental research

Analyse data

Report Findings

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9
Q

What constitutes a well-designed experiment?

A

Is there a good theoretical framework

Appropriate participants

Appropriate experimental design

Proper selection + control of IV

Appropriate selection + measurement of DV

Correct statistical model + analysis

Correct interpretation of results

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10
Q

Determining cause and effect

How can causality be achieved?

A

Cause + effect must correlate

Cause should precede the effect

All confounding variables must be ruled out.

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of study design?

A

Cross sectional

Longitudinal

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12
Q

What does cross sectional study design involve?

A

Observation

Outcome + exposure is measured at the same time

Nothing is manipulated

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13
Q

What does longitudinal study design involve?

A

Observation

Subjects followed over time

Repeated measures

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14
Q

Why are experimental designs potentially better at determining causality

A

Control confounding variables so rival hypotheses can be rejected

Able to isolate the cause (IV)

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15
Q

Can the independent variable be present at different levels?

A

YES

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16
Q

What is pre-experimental design?

A

Subject/group is observed post-treatment in order to test whether the treatment has the potential to cause change.

17
Q

True-experimental design

A

Controls most threats to validity

Random assignment to groups

Control group

Randomised post-test only

18
Q

What is the “randomised post-test only group design” under the experimental design?

A

Random allocation to either treatment OR control group.

Have outcome of interest measured after they receive that treatment.

19
Q

How can the true cause-effect relationship be determined in the true experimental designs?

A

Randomised Control Trial (RCT)

20
Q

Randomised Control Trial (RCT)

What does the model show?

A
  1. Random allocation
  2. Pre-measurement
  3. Treatment OR no treatment
  4. Post measurement
21
Q

How can the Randomised Control Trial (RCT) be expanded?

A

Through the cross-over design

22
Q

What happens in the cross-over design of the RCT

A

The treatment group crosses to the 2nd row to become NO-treatment –> Post 2 measurement

No treatment group crosses to 1st row to become Treatment –> Post 2 measurement

23
Q

What is the period called between the post 1 measurement of the RCT and the crossover?

A

Wash out treatment

24
Q

What is the point of the crossover in the RCT?

A

Provides more reliability

25
Q

Purpose of the quasi-experimental designs

A

When they fit the study into a more real world setting

26
Q

In quasi-experimental designs how do they fit the study into a more real world setting?

A

Control for internal validity

Maximise external validity

27
Q

Confidence to conclude causality continuum

Order from least controlled study design to most controlled

A

Cross-sectional

Pre-experimental

Causal comparative

Quasi-experimental

True-experimental

28
Q

Give 3 examples of pre-experimental designs

A

1-shot study

1-group pretest-posttest design

Static group comparison

29
Q

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1-shot study

A

Treatment then test

30
Q

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1-group pretest-posttest design

A

Very weak but better than 1-shot study.

Observation pretest -> Treatment -> Observation posttest

31
Q

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Static group comparison

A

Compares 2 groups

    • 1 receives treatment
    • other doesn’t
32
Q

Give 3 examples of true-experimental designs

A

Randomized-Groups design

Pretest-posttest randomised groups design

Solomon 4-Group Design

33
Q

TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Randomized-Groups design

A

Compares 2 groups: 1 receives treatment, other doesn’t.

Groups randomly formed.

34
Q

TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Pretest-posttest randomised groups design

A

Randomly formed groups

Both are given pre + post tests.

To determine amount of change prod by treatment

35
Q

TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Solomon 4-Group Design

A

Specifically evaluates 1 threat to external validity: reactive or interactive effects of testing.

36
Q

TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Solomon 4-Group Design

Show the design

A

R - O1 - T - O2

R - O3 - .. - O4

R - …… - T - O5

R - …… - … - O6

Statistics (11 decks)

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