W2 Lecture 1 27/02

Question 1

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 1

A barrier between the cell and the outside environment.

Question 2

Outside the cell has..

Answer 2

Water & ions (sodium & chloride)

Question 3

Inside the cell has…

Answer 3

Water, ions (potassium & phosphate), organelles (nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, vesicles, mitochondria)

Question 4

What does protein synthesis determine?

Answer 4

The function of the cell

Question 5

What are the organelles in protein synthesis?

Answer 5

Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, transport vesicle

Question 6

What does aerobic metabolism need?

Answer 6

O2, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Question 7

What does aerobic metabolism produce?

Answer 7

ATP (for cell), CO2, H20 (and acid)

Question 8

What does the nucleus do?

Answer 8

Contains DNA and controls the function of the cell

Question 9

4 base types DNA contains?

Answer 9

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 10

Peptide =

Answer 10

Chain of amino acids

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Folds peptide of proteins, metabolises liquid

Question 12

The Golgi Complex? (3)

Answer 12

Process proteins, make vesicles for transport, recycle vesicles

Question 13

Secretory vesicles? (2)

Answer 13

Bind plasma membrane, export proteins

Question 14

What is DNA?

Answer 14

A sequence of code for a protein contained in the nucleus.

Question 15

What is RNA?

Answer 15

A working copy of the DNA created when a protein needs to be produced.

Question 16

Describe the sequence of events via which a protein is produced from DNA.

Answer 16

Nucleus – transcription of DNA to RNA
Ribosome – translation of RNA to peptide
ER – folding of protein
Golgi – packaging of protein to transport to destination

Question 17

Genome?

Answer 17

Nucleus contains code for individuals proteins

Question 18

Chromosomes?

Answer 18

Collection of genes

Question 19

Regulation =

Answer 19

What happens to mRNA

Question 20

Gene expression is regulated by?

Answer 20

Steroids, cellular stimuli (e.g. hormones), cell programming

Question 21

Controlled by families of proteins

Answer 21

Control transcription, control translation

Question 22

Determines cellular activity and cell types

Answer 22

e.g. only beta cells produce insulin, muscle cells produce high levels of actin and myosin

Question 23

Each cell has 2n chromosomes

Answer 23

2 copies of each gene

Question 24

Gene

Answer 24

The DNA code for an individual protein

Question 25

Allele

Answer 25

A variant of the DNA code for a protein

Question 26

Genotype

Answer 26

The coding variants (alleles) of a gene an individual carries

Question 27

Phenotype

Answer 27

The characteristics an individual shows from expression of protein

Question 28

Chromosomes

Answer 28

A collection of genes bound together

Question 29

Chromosome pairs

Answer 29

There are two copies of each chromosome in a cell

Question 30

Number of chromosomes

Answer 30

Humans have 23 chromosome pairs in their genome

Question 31

Dominant

Answer 31

Only one allele necessary for phenotype to show

Question 32

Recessive

Answer 32

Both alleles must have same characteristic for phenotype to show

Question 33

Co-dominant

Answer 33

Alleles are different and phenotype is mix of both

Question 34

Other factors in genetics

Answer 34

Gene interactions, regulation of expressions, environmental effects

Question 35

Types of genetic disorders??

Answer 35

extra chromosomes, damaged chromosomes, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive (like cystic fibrosis), X linked

Question 36

Autosomal

Answer 36

Any chromosome other than X or Y

Question 37

What are proteins coded by?

Answer 37

Genes

Question 38

Phenotype

Answer 38

What shows

Question 39

Genotype

Answer 39

What alleles an individual has

Question 40

For each gene, each individual has 2 copies of the gene. Each version is called an...

Answer 40

Allele. If alleles are different the protein coded for may be different.