W2: MC Flashcards
(48 cards)
Role of the brain in ventilation?
Breathing control centres are stimulated by the pons and medulla
Nerve signals can indicate changes in 02 and C02 levels in the blood. This can cause contraction of the heart, diaphragm and rib muscles to correct 02 and C02 in the blood by increasing or decreasing the rate and depth of breathing
Respiration: What is the major role of the lungs?
Facilitate gas exchange between the circulatory system and external environment
Respiration: the ability of the lungs to stretch is called….
Compliance (this compliance can be negatively affected by some respiratory conditions)
Respiration: the lungs are composed of branching airways that terminate in respiratory….
Bronchioles and alveoli (these facilitate gas exchange)
Respiration: Gas exchange occurs where?
In the lungs between alveolar air and the blood of the pulmonary capillaries (via diffusion)
Respiration: the respiratory system is made up of the …… that divides into the ……
Trachea divides into left and right bronchus
Respiration: the bronchus further divides into ……
Bronchioles
Respiration: at the end of bronchioles are …..
Alveoli (this is surrounded by an alveolar wall which sits close to pulmonary capillaries
Respiration: the long tissue can also be divided into lobes or zones by …..
Fissures
For effective gas exchange to occur, alveoli must be ….. and …..
Ventilated & Perfused
What does ventilation refer to?
The flow of air into and out of the alveoli
What does perfusion refer to?
The flow of blood to alveolar capillaries
Alveoli at the ….. of the lung have greater capacity, than the …. of the lung.
Base have greater capacity than the apex
Collective changes in ventilation and perfusion in the lungs are measured clinically using the ratio of …… to …… (V/Q). Changes in the V/Q ratio can affect gas exchange and can contribute to …….
Ventilation to perfusion
Hypoxemia
Changes to V/Q ratio
- Reduced ventilation
- Reduced perfusion
- Reduced ventilation = blood but no air (shunt)
- Reduced perfusion = air but no blood (dead space)
In normal respiration, we want there to be adequate oxygen available to match the available …… to pick up this oxygen and transport it through the body. This ratio should be as close to 1 as possible, and in normal respiration our V/Q ration is ……. A shunt occurs when there is an issue with ……. Here there is blood available (perfusion) to pick up fresh oxygen, however it is not being …… Dead space occurs when there is an issue with blood flow or perfusion. Here the lungs is able to deliver fresh ….., but there is ….. blood available to pick up the fresh oxygen
Blood
0.8
Ventilation
Delivered
Oxygen
Reduced
The lungs sit in the …… cavity/space
Pleural cavity/space
The visceral pleura cover the ……
The parietal pleura is the …..
Lungs
Internal lining of the thoracic cage
ie Lungs - Visceral and then parietal (VP Valley Peak)
Pleural fluid is found in the pleural cavity & allows the two layers to….
Glide smoothy past one another during respiration.
The pleural fluid helps maintains …… ….. between the lungs and the chest wall- mechanical coupling prevents the two surfaces from …… during respiration (…… recoil of the lungs and …… recoil of the chest wall) allowing the surfaces to slide on one another.
Mechanical coupling
Separating
Inward
Outward
There can be acute presentations impacting the pleura and pleural space including?
Pleuritis
Pleual effusion
Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax
Define pleuritis
Inflammation of the parietal pleura, mainly due to infection.
Define pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, usually as a result of inflammation of the pleura.
Define pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural space. This can occur spontaneously (spontaneous pneumothorax) or due to trauma and open chest wounds (open pneumothorax).
