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PATH2220 > W4 > Flashcards

W4 Flashcards

0
Q

When is malarial parasites most critical vulnerabilities

A

At the very beginning (sporozite) and the merozoites

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1
Q

What are the two stages to the malaria cycle

A

The infected stage (when the sprozite is injected) and the diagnostic stage.

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2
Q

What is a way to stop malaria parasites at the mosquito

A

Give them sterile males and then females are pregnant and don’t need as much of food I.e. Blood

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4
Q

Why do you do a skin test for tb

A

Look for delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the tb antigen

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5
Q

what is a pandemic

A

affects the whole world

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6
Q

what is an epidemic

A

affects a while community

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7
Q

what is a case cluster

A

group of individuals, usually connected to one event or source

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8
Q

what is an outbreak

A

colloquial term, sometimes applied to single cases of an unusual disease

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9
Q

what is an illness

A

subjective lack of wellbeing

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10
Q

what is a disease

A

collection of objective clinical features

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11
Q

what is an infection

A

process resulting from encounter with biological agent

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12
Q

what is a microbe

A

living things that cannot be seen without a microscope

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13
Q

does a bacteria have a nucleus

A

no

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14
Q

do a virus have a nucleus

A

no

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15
Q

does a fungi have a nucleus

A

yes/no

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16
Q

how do bacteria, fungi and parasites cause disease

A

uses RNA to convert genome into proteins to have metabolic consequences to build structures that can cause disease processes

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17
Q

how do DNA viruses cause disease

A

they have to use the cells own machinery to make RNA then to cause disease processes. they don’t have RNA

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18
Q

how do RNA viruses work

A

they bypass the DNA process and very efficient in replication and efficiency and can cause rapid transmission causing large outbreaks

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19
Q

what did machiavelli say

A

in the early days a disease is hard to detect but easy to cure, later on it is easy to detect but hard to cure.

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20
Q

what is the appearance of inflammation

A

swelling, redness and pain

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21
Q

what is the appearance of local collection

A

abcess, often not externally apparent

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22
Q

what is the appearance of organ-specific infection

A

changes from normal function

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23
Q

what is the appearance of sepsis

A

fever, shaking and pallid

24
Q

what is the appearance of MOSF

A

severely ill

25
Q

what is the consequence of inflammation

A

symptoms, discharge, loss of function

26
Q

what is the consequence of local collection

A

loss of function, fever, breakthrough systemic infection

27
Q

what is the consequences of organ-specific infection

A

organ compensation, complications and failure

28
Q

what is the consequence of sepsis

A

perfusion and metabolic changes, increased risk of organ failure

29
Q

what is the consequence of MOSF

A

increased risk of fatility

30
Q

what is MOSF

A

multiple organ system failure

31
Q

what are the different mechanisms of damage

A

Inflammation; acute, chronic

Bulk effect, pressure on organs or components

Toxins and ‘virulence factors’

Metabolic effects; competition, subversion

32
Q

what infections can you diagnose by using acid fast

A

tuberculosis and leprosy,

33
Q

what infections can you diagnose by using gram positive

A

anthrax, listerosis

34
Q

what infections can you diagnose by using gram negative

A

plague, gonorrhoea, dysentery and typhoid fever

35
Q

what infections can you diagnose by using intracellular

A

typhus

36
Q

what sort of tests can you do in a laboratory for diseases

A

1 Microscopy: Gram stain of specimen, spun deposit or primary culture; Zeihl-Neelsen
2 Culture: solid media (agar), liquid media (broth) followed by bench top or detailed identification tests
3 Antibiotic sensitivity tests: disk diffusion, break point or E-test

37
Q

what is the process to pick a certain type of antibiotic

A

Best guess, based on prior experience
Best guess, based on name of species
Antibiotic susceptibility tests
Broad screening methods e.g. break point
Specific drug-bug combination e.g. E-test
Detailed analysis e.g. molecular panel, sequencing
Presumptive/definitive

38
Q

what is a virus

A

Invasive (microscopic) biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts

39
Q

what does a virus consist of

A

gene (RNA and DNA)- this holds all of the information for the virus that makes it unique and helps it multiply. Packaged in a protective protein (capsid). May/not have envelope surrounding capsid. May contain some essential enzymes for reproduction that may not be present in host cell

40
Q

what is a virion

A

a virus particle

41
Q

describe a helical virus

A
  • Rigid or flexible
  • Nucleic acid within hollow cylindrical, helical capsid
  • Spiral arrangement of capsomeres around nucleic acid
42
Q

describe a icosahedral virus

A

Capsomeres assemble into 20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 corners

43
Q

what is the regular components of a complex virus

A

Capsids have components with both helical and icosahedral symmetry
• e.g. bacteriophages
– Additional structures attached (capsid= polyhedral and sheath= helical)

44
Q

what is the irregular components of a complex virus

A

non-symmetrical capsid structures
• e.g. Poxviruses
– Lack clearly identifiable capsids
– Several coats around nucleic acids

45
Q

what is a satellite virus

A

a virus that only infect others cells that are already infected by another virus

46
Q

what are some different viruses in the ecosystem

A

• Animal viruses
• Plant viruses
– Usually spread to plants by other organisms = vectors
• Bacterial viruses – bacteriophages
• Viruses in aquatic ecosystems – seawater
• Viruses and role in evolution – Genetic transfer

47
Q

where can virus’s only replicate

A

inside other living cells. – Obligate intracellular parasites
– need to enter a cell, hijack cellular machinery for own reproductive purposes
• On their own, unable to synthesise protein or produce energy
– An infected cell will produce viral particles instead of its usual products

48
Q

where can viruses enter the body from

A

viruses may enter the human body from the environment or other individuals, from soil to water to air via nose, mouth, or any breaks in the skin and seek a cell to infect

49
Q

what are the two ways that a virus can get its contents inside a cell

A

can enter through the membrane if it can or not can inject its contend through the membrane

50
Q

Serological testing for infectious agents may be used to

A

– Diagnose recent infection
– Provide evidence of latent infection – Identify past infection
– Determine “immunity”

51
Q

what are some ways for pathogen detection

A

– Microscopy
– Culture: cells, embryonated eggs, animal inoculation, mosquito inoculation
– Antigen detection
– Nucleic acid detection: PCR

52
Q

what are the different viral infection groupings

A

congenital, childhood, persistent, across species, body system and herpeviruses

53
Q

what are some infections that are controlled well by vaccines

A

polio, measles, mumps and rubella

54
Q

what are prions

A

PRoteinaceous infectION. not virus or any other living organism. cause spongiform encepalopathies (large vacuoles in the brain)

55
Q

how are prions transmitted

A

– Surgical instruments
– Tissue transplants
– Consumption of infected meat/nervous tissue
– genetic

56
Q

where are prions found

A

in nervous tissue

57
Q

what are some factors that are contributing to the emergence and spread of viral diseases

A
  • Increased encroachment of human populations into natural animal habitats creating opportunities for entry and adaptation of animal viruses to humans
  • Increase international travel and commerce aiding spread – people, animals (including exotic pets), insects, food
  • Reduction in public health measures that previously controlled these infections

PATH2220 (14 decks)

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